MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. Received fJ,u.,L^ . /^ c/J Accession No. -< -- '—' Given by Place, *4*No book OP pamphlet is to be femoved fpom the Uab- oiiatopy ujltt:iout tKe pefrnisslon of the Trustees. ' 3 3 4 3 [FRoa TUB 48th Report of the New York State Huseqm] University of the State of New York ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Made to the Regents of the University, Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883 By CHARLES H. PECK Second edition ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK . 1897 State of New York. No. 68. IN S B N A T E, Jandaet, 1895. ANNUAL REPORT OF thk STATE BOTANIST Office of the State Botakist, Albany, January, 1895. To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of New YorJk : I have the honor to present to you my annual report for the year 1894. Yery respectfully. CHARLES H. PECK. REPORT. To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the following report, covering the time from September, 1893, to July, 1894. Specimens of plants for the State Herbarium have been col- lected by the Botanist in the counties of Albany, Clinton, Essex, Oneida, Rensselaer, Suffolk, Ulster and Washington. The number of species of which specimens have been added to the Herbarium is 115, of which L'4 were not previously represented therein. The species described as new are 10. A list of added species is marked A. Correspondents to the nuraberof 11 have contributed specimens. Most of these specimens represent extra limital species, but live species new to the State are represented by them and four new to science. A list of the contributors and of their contributions is marked B. A record of species not previously recognized as belonging to our flora, together with descriptions of new species, is marked C. Notes and observations on species already recorded will be found uuder D. The genus Carex is one of the largest, and at tlie same time one of the most distinct and most easily recognized, of all our plant genera. In the Flora of the State of New York, Dr. John Torrey records 91 species belonging to this genus. In 1^S1 the number of New York species had increased to 119. At the present time we have more than 130 species. Only 29 are recorded in the Manual that have not been found in our State, and six of these are introduced species and yet quite limited in their range. The 6 BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. genus is a most interesting one to botanists who have acquired even a limited knowledge of it, but many pass it by as unworthy their attention or too full of difficulties to permit of the easy identification of the species. To many beginners in the study of botany these plants have been a kind of botanical bugbear. The difficulties attending their study seem to have been needlessly increased by defective descriptions, by a failure in some cases to detect the proper limits of species, and by throwing together and describing as one species forms that should be kept separate. In the last edition of the Manual there are many instances of the reduction of forms which in earlier years were considered good species by our most eminent botanists, so that they now stand as mere varieties to other related forms. Such a grouping of distinct forms seems to me to be opposed to that clear and accurate discrimination which the study of natural science ought to cultivate, and its tendency seems to be to encourage habits of careless observation and loose general- ization. Some carices, it is true, resemble each other closely, but so long as they have constant characteristic differences, even though these may be slight, it seems to me much better to recog- nize these differences and give them their just value in classifica- tion. And just here appears to be one cause for the absorbing interest with which the study of these plants is invested. The close observation and the nice discrimination requisite in distin- guishing closely allied species is most gratifying to an ardent student of nature intent on finding her hidden truths and solving her most intricate problems. And it is no mean accomplishment to be able to recognize accurately the characters that require the separation of closely related species of this genus. One species not recognized in the Manual has recently been detected by Dr. Howe, others that have hitherto been regarded as mere varieties arc, I am confident, worthy of specific value, and still other forms that have not been recorded have occurred. Influenced by these facts, and having in view the large number of species that belong to our flora, it has seemed desirable to me to bring together in one report the revised descriptions of all our New York species and varieties of tiie genus Carex. This will facilitate the study of the carices of our State and give to New York botanists an additional incentive to the study EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 7 of these interesting plants. I deem myself fortunate in having enlisted the interest and the aid of Dr. E. C. Howe in this work. Dr. Howe has long made a special study of the carices and his thorough knowledge of our species eminently qualifies him to speak and write about them with authority. He has prepared the monograph of our species which is here submitted and marked E. In consequence of une.xpected delay and difficulty in issuing the descriptions and illustrations of our ediolo and poisonous mushrooms in a separate publication, as was at first contemplated, it has been thought best to include them with other matter in the present report. The edition will be somewhat limited and may not be sufficient to supply the demand unless the issue of extra copies shall be authorized, but it will be better than a longer delay, and is apparently the best that can be done at present. This part of the Report is marked F. The specimens of fungi that were taken from the Herbarium and placed on exhibition at the World's Fair in Chicago last year have been returned. None were lost, but owing to damp- ness a few were injured by mold. They are j'et in the boxes in which they were returned, not having been removed because of the possibility that the Kew York State exhibits might be required for a permanent exhibit at home. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES H. PECK. Albany, July 1, 1894. BBPOBT OF THE 8TATB BOTANIST. (A.) ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM. Neio to the Herbarium. Aster longifolius Lam. Stachys palustris L. Carex littoralis SchiL\ Inocybe subtomentosa Pfc. Cortinarius ritnosus Pk. GoinphidiuB ni^icans Pk. Hydnum scabripes Pk. Radulum molare Fr. Pyrenocha?ta collabens Pk. Vermiculare Hepaticre Pk. v. Schfenoprasi Aueri. Sphajropsis ulmicola E. & E. Diplodia subtectoides Pk. Septoria centauericola Brun. S. Divaricatie E. & E. Tolyposporium buUatum Schrcet. Ovularia decipiens Sacc. Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. Cladosporium carpophilum Thum. Dendryphiuni nodulosum Sacc. Coniotlieciuni Rubi Pk. Spliffirella rubina Pk. Diaporthe robusta Pk. Cucurbitaria CoinptoniaB E. & E. JV^ot New to the Herbarium. Nasturtium oflBcinale R. Br. Hypericum perforatum L. Rhus Toxicodendron L. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Vitis riparia Mx. Rosa blanda Ait. R. humilis Marsh. Pyrus arbutifolia L. Lonicera hirsuta Katon. Spinua salicifolia L. Siuni cicuta-'folium Ginel. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Solidago ciosia L. S. Canadensis L. S. nemoralis Ait. Aster linariifolius L. A. Isevis L. A. ericoides L. A. multillorus Ait. A. ditTusus ^li<. A. Tradescanti L. A. panifulalus Iaivi. A. prenanthoides Mulil. A. puniceus L. Bldene connata Muld. B. cemua L. Xanthium Strumarium L. X. Canadcnse Mill. Hierncium aiirantiacuni L. VerbaHcuMi Bluttaria L. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Sonchus arvensis L . S. oleraceus L. Ipomaa purpurea Lam. Callitriclie verna L. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm. P. heterophyllus Schrad. Urtica gracilis Ait. Amarantlius retroflexus L. A. chlorostachys Witld. Polygonella articulata Meisn. Polygonum aviculare L. P. erectum L. P. Douglassii Greene. P. Hydropiper L. P. lapathifolium L. P. Muhlenbergii Wats. P. Virginianum L. P. dumetoruin L. Fraxinus Americana L. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Thymus Serpyllum L. Sniilax lierbacea L. Eleocharis aoicularis R. Br. Carex varia Mulil. C. prasina U'n/iZ. C. arctata Boott. C. aurea Nutt. Panicum oapillare L. Agrostis pereunans Tuckm, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Zizania aquatica L. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. M. Mexicana Trin. M. sylvatica T. & O. Avena sativa L. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Vasey. Agropyrum caninum R. & O. Glyceria grandis Wats. G. nervata Trin. Hordeum vulgare L. H. distichum L. Lycopodium clavatuni L. Tricholoma terreum Sclueff. Hebeloma Colvini Pk. Stereum sericeum Schw. Caeoma nitens Schw. Uromyces Desmodii Cke. Puccinia Couvolvuli {Pers). P. graminis Pers. Ustilago neglecta Niessl. Urocystis Waldsteinise Ph Septoria Lobeliis PA;. S. Dentariaj PA:. S. Scrophularife PA;. Cercospora clavata (Ger.). Plasmopara viticola (B. & C). Taphrina rubrobrunnea (PAc.). Helvella crispa Fr. Leotia marcida Per.t. L. circinans Pers. Oiatrypella prominena (Hotoe), (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. E. J. Durand, Ithaca, N. Y. Blephilia ciliata Raf. Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton, N. Y. Populus heterophylla L. Quercus Brittoni Davis. I Pinus inops Ait. E. W. D. Holway, Decorah, Iowa. Ravenelia Holwayi Diet. I Puccinia Cryptanthes D. & II. J. Dearness, Calamintha acinos Benth. Armillaria mellea Valil. Phoina panicu'ata E. & D. Septoria Negundinis E. & E. Rabenliorstia Tiliacece E. & E. Hendersonia discosioides E. & D. Struiuella stagonosporioides E. cfc E. Aschersonia carpinicola E. & D. Cy lind rosporiu ni Chrysan themi E.&D. Londoa, Can. Cercospora Lespedezae E. <£• D. C. Symphoricarpi E. & E. C. racemosa E. & M. Botrytis affinis E. & E. Didymosphieria vagans E. en panicle or densely clustered in an interru])ted spike I'-i' long or more; jierigynia hlackish-brown or taioni/. 3-5. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTAOTST. 23 Spikelets contiguous above, separate below, or all contiguous, sometimes the lower ones compound ; perigynia lanceolate, without a distinct margin, divergent. G-7. Spikelets approximate above, separate below, or all contiguous, (capitate in 10) ; perigynia with a distinct margin, widely diver- gent or reflexedat maturity. 8-13. f Spikelets staminate at the base, pistillate above. Spikelets 3-8, 3-5 flowered, the upper ones approximate or subdistinct, the lowest distinct or remote (capitate in 15), or 12-30 flowered and dis])osed in an interrupted spike li'-2^' long, silvery green and shining; perigynia spreading but not refit xed. 14-17. Spikelets 3->!, the upper 2 or 3 appro.ximate, separate below, or all contiguous (spikelet single in 18); perigynia slightly con- cave, widely divergent or refiexed at maturity \ plants hright green becoming yello^oish. 18-21. Spikelets 3-15 or more, aggregated or ai)pro.\imate, or the upper contiguous and the lower separate (clustered in ;'>1); perig^-nia concave, thin, mostly wide winged-margined, the tips erect or spreading, not refiexed. 22-31. t Staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated ; spikelets often wholly sterile or wholly fertile. 32-3-1. * Stigmas 3 ; achenium triangular. Flowers borne in a short spilce or head, staminate at the apex, pistillate below ; pistillate scales small, caducous, the staminate mostly conspicuous. 35-36. Pistillate scales green and leaf-like, persistent, the lowest as long as the spike; perigynia globular, with a long slender beak. 37-39. B. Staminate and pistillate flowers disposed in separate spikes on the same culm or ])lant (monoecious), or on separate plants (dioecious), the former freciuently androgynous. — Cakex proper. * Stigmas 2 (rarely 3) ; achenium lenticular. Plant dia'cious. Sterile spike linear, 5' long or less ; fertile spike 3"-5" long, densely flowered ; perigynia oblong, reflexed at maturity. 40. Sterile spikes 1-4, stalked or sessile ; fertile spikes 2-5, erect or recurved, sessile or short stalked, densely or subdensely flowered ; perigynia with a short point or pointless ; scales blackish-prwple or reddishhroion, not atoned. 41-46. 24 BEPOKT OF THE 8TATK BOTANIST. Fertile spikes 2'-4' long, pendulous on stalks l'-2' in length or more ; perigynia slightly turgid, scales light brown with long rou(j?i awns. 47-48. * Stigmas 3 ; achenium triangular. f Perigynia biconvex, without a beak. Sterile spike single, (rarely 2 or 3) stalked ; fertile spikes 2-4 on filiform drnophuj peduncles, the upper approximate, the lower sometimes distant ; perig^'nia with a minute point or pointless ; scales blackish-purple or brown. 49-51. Spikes 2-5, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, sterile below, the others fertile, sessile or short-stalked, erect, green or dark purple ; perigynia smooth or pubescent. 52-54. t Perigynia obtusely 3-angled, not compressed, mostly con- tracted at each end ; obtuse or acutish at the apex. Sterile spike cylindrical, usually fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 2-5, linear or cylindrical, densely or loosely flowered, on drooping or suherect partly included peduncles (sessile or short- peduncled and mostly erect in 55) ; bracts leafy, usually surpass- ing the culm; perigynia ovate-oblong or elliptical, nerved, con- tracted at each end, the apex entire or pointed and notched. 55-58. Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 in 59), clavate, lo7ig- peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-4, sessile or stalked, erect, mostly dis- tant, or remote (the upper -2 approximate in 60); bracts shorter than the culm or about equaling it in 59 and 63 ; perigynia with a short terete beak in 61. 59-63. Sterile spike short-stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin- drical or oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, the upper 1 or 2 usually sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others subdis- tant or the lowest remote, stalked and erect (all approximate in 64) ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm; perigynia oblong, obovate, or ovate, nerved, without a beak. 64-67. t Perigynia with a distinct beak. Sterile spike long or short-stalked ; fertile spikes loosely 2-8 flowered, the ujiper 1 or 2 sessile near the base of the sterile spike, the others distant, sometimes remote, erect, subflexuose ; peri- gynia densely striate-nerved, with a straight or oblique beak; leaves and bracts thin, bright or glaucous green. 68-09. tEPOKT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 25 Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or stalked ; fertile 2-5, usually the upper one or'^wo sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others scattered, tne lowest often remote, all on short or long peduncles and erect, or sometimes the one or two lower ones spreading; densely or loosely flowered; bracts leafy, partly sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate, obovate or suboval, nerved, with a short, abruptly bent, or long tapering recurved bilid beak (^the latter short and barely curved in 74; fruit easily detached. 70-74. •ft Perigynia acutely angled. Sterile spike clavate, short or long-i)eduncled ; fertile spikes 3-5, mostly scattered on long filiform drooping or erect-spread- ing peduncles. Leaves narrow, three-veined. 75-7 G. Sterile spike clavate, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, mostly distant on erect., partly or wholly included sCalks, 3-S flowered ; bracts as long as the sheaths or obsolete. Leaves 3'-12' wide or more, three- veined, (narrow and one-veined in SO). 77-80. ft Perigynia obtusely angled. Sterile spike linear, f wide ; fertile spikes small, erect or drooping ; bracts obsolete, or leafy and equaling their sheaths ; perigynia minute, light or olive-brown. Leaves setaceous, or involute when old 81-82. Plant dioecious. Fertile spike cylindrical, dark purple ; peri- gynia ovate, densely pubescent. A mountain species. 83. Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-5, the upper one or two near the cterile, the others sub- approximate or sometimes subdistant and the lowest remote, (umbellate in 81), 3-10 densely or subloosely flowered, globose or short oblong, mostly sessile ; perigynia subrotund, suboval, obovate or ova'e, densely or lightly pubescent, with an abrupt bilid beak; bracts mostly scalelike, sometimes short leaf-like, (perigynia acutely angle;! in 93.) 84-93. ft Perigynia slightly inflated. Sterile spike clavate or linear, stalked, often fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 2-4, straight or flexuose, cylindrical or sub- clavate, densely or loosely flowered ; bracts leaf-like, the lowest sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm, (the upper ones setaceous in 98) ; perigynia three-angled, ovate or spindle-shaped, with a long or short tapering beak. 94-98. tt Perigynia moderately inflated. 4 26 HBFOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked or sessile ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin- drical or ovoid, densely flowered, approximate above and distant and remote below, short peduncled or sessile, erect or the lower sometimes long- peduncled and spreading; bracts shorter or longer than the culm ; pcrigynia ovoid or oblong-conical, nerved, densely hairy or smooth, with a short bidentate beak ; mostly coriaceous in texture, (granular dotted and thin in 103). 99-106. Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylindrical, densely or subdensely flowered, erect on short stalks or sessile ; perigynia ovate lanceolate, smooth or hairy, with a long tapering deeply- clefl heak, the awn like teeth mosth' recurved ; perigynia not rejlexed. 107-109. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on long drooping peduncles ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, with a long deeply-cleft beak, the awn-like teeth spreading or recurved ; perig3'nia stro7ifjhj reHexed at maturity. 110-111. ft Pcrigynia much inflated. Sterile spike solitary, (very rarely 2), stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper 2 sessile or nearly so, ascending, the others subdistant, short-stalked and horizon- tally spreading or all separate on drooping peduncles, the lowest sometimes remote, 2' long or more, 5'-6' wide ; perigynia ovoid, nerved, with a long bifid beak, horizontally spi-eading at matu- rity, having a comose appearance. A mountain species (114) has 1-3 straw-colored spikes, sessile, erect or ascending, 3' wide, with ascending perigynia. 112-114. Sterile spike long and sometimes long-peduncled ; fertile spikes li'-2^' long, 0"-12" wide on stiff erect stalks or sessile; perigynia ventricose and stipitate, 6" in length or more. Spikes hop-like in aspect. 115-116. Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 in 122), stalked or sessile ; fer- tile spikes 1-6, globular, ovoid or oblong, compactly or loosely flowered, the upper two sometimes contiguous, the others sep- arate, or all distant or remote, sessile or pedunculate, rigidly erect, bright or yellowish green ; bracts with or without sheaths, mostly surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovoid or lanceolate from an ovate base, or awl-shaped, nerved, smooth, with a long taper- ing hiilentate, or .short notched heak, horizontally spreading or reflexed at maturity. 117-125. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 27 Spikes 1-4, rarely 5, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, sterile below, the others all fertile, cylindrical, 9''-12'' long, 4"-C" wide, stalked, erect; perigynia with a slender leak longer than the body, horizontally spreading when mature. 126. Sterile spikes 1-5, clavate or cylindrical, stalked, sometimes androgynous; fertile spikes 1-5, clustered or scattered, or the upper 2 approximate, the others subdistant or distant, peduncu- late or sessile, mostly erect or ascending (pendulous and loosely flowered in 133) the lowest sometimes spreading, densely flowered, frequently sterile at the apex, cylindrical or oblong; perigynia globular-ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, nerved or nerveless, mostly much-inflated and thin, straw-colored or tawny, ascending, widely divergent or reflexed, with a tapering bidentate beak, the latter needle shaped in 133. 127-133. Descriptions of Groups and Species. A. Staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled in small globular or oblong spikeltts which form clusters, heads or spikes or are panicled in 3, 4 and 5. Stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. Spikelets staminate above, pistillate below. Inflorescence simple, both staminate and pistillate flowers found in the same spike or spikelets. Spikelets 2-6, 2-5 flowered, in a short interrupted spike, or aggregated in an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, nerved, of a thick coriaceous texture, with a minute entire or notched point ; bracts scale-like, the lowest bristle pointed ; rootstock extensively creeping. Culms slender, leafy at base; spikelets distant tenella. Culms rigid, naked; spikelets capitate chordorhiza. 1 . Carex tenella Schk. Stems 6'-l S' high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above; leaves about equaling the culm, V wide or less, thin, slightly rough on the margins, the loosely tufted radical leaves longer, about 1' wide, suberect or spreading ; spike i'-l' long; spikelets 2-4, separate, the lowest usually with a bristle-shaped bract ^'-1' in length, 1-4 flowered, the highest rarely G flowered ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, subterete, U" long, prominently finely nerved, the 28 EKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. apex tipped with a short entire point; scale ovate, acute or mucronate, thin, white, about one-half the length of the perigynium. Readily distinguished by the nnked or unprotected appearance of the well-rounded perigynia. A small form occurs which is 4'-6' high, rather rigid, with 3-5 spikelets and the bristle shaped bract of I he lowest spikelet often wanting. Ssvamps and wet places. Not rare. June. 2. Carex chordorhiza Ehrh. Stems 6-18' high, erect, smooth, naked, or the prominent basal sheaths terminating in narrow blades ^'-1' in length ; leaf- stems branching and rooting at the base, springing from the large creeping rootstock, 3'-5' high ; leaves variable in length, the lower ^'-2' long, those above, usually partly tufted, 3'-6' in length, erect or spreading, 1" wide or less, flat or involute, rough margined ; spikelets 3- 5, aggregated in an ovoid head 3'-6'' long, brown ; perigynia elliptical-ovate, biconvex, nerved, li' long, contracted into a short entire or notched beak about the length of the ovate, acute brown scale ; bracts scale-like and inconspicu- ous e.Kcept the lowest which is sometimes short setaceous. Easily determined by its chord like, e.xtensively creeping rootstock. Sphagnous swamps and swampy shores of lakes and streams. Eare. July. Herkimer, Oneida and Seneca counties, and boggy margins of lakes in the North woods Fame's Catalogue. Inflorescence branched, the spikelets panicled or densely clustered. Perigynia biconvex, blackish, shining 1 Perigynia compressed-ovate, not shining vnlpinoidea. 1 Perigynia ovate, stipitate teretiuscula. 1 Perigynia obovate, sessile docom))osita. 3. Carex teretiuscula Good. Stems 18-30' high, slender, erect, obtusely angled, rough near the spike; leaves usually shorter than the culm, I'-l^' wide, somewhat involute when dry, rough on the edges ; spike panicled, r-2' long, brown ; spikelets small, crowded on short REPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 29 appressed branches, or the 2 lower sometimes distinct ; bracts scale-like, acuminate, the lowest bristle- pointed ; perigynia stipi- tate, somewhat thick and corky, ovate, faintly nerved at the truncate base, dark brown and shining, tapering above into a slender, bifid, greenish beak, nearly covered by the ovate acute brown scale. The small, short-stalked, ovate, acuminate, shining perigynia, as well as the short, appressed branches of the narrow panicle distinguish this species. Not rare in swampy fields. June. Var. ramosa Boott. Head longer and somewhat nodding, spikelets compound, sometimes on appressed branches, looser or more scattered. Albany county. 4. Carex decomposita 3fuhl. Stems 20-36' high, flaccid, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves exceeding the culm, stiff, channeled below, 2"-3' wide, rough- margined, filiform at the end ; spike decompound, 2-5' long, dark or sometimes blackish-brown when mature; spikelets numerous on spreading branches, the lower of which are distinct or sometimes separated J-'-|-' or more and V-'z' long, those above shorter and less distant, gradually tapering to the dense apex; bracts of the long branches green and filiform, the others scale- like and awnpointed ; perigynia sessile, thick, cork\', rounded or obovate, biconvex, nerved on both sides, dark-brown and shining, abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak ; scale thin, ovate, pointed or cuspidate, tawny or brownish. This species differs from others of similar growth in its thick, nearly round stem, in its stiff, long, slender-pointed leaves, and especially in its panicled spikelets. Swamps. July. Very rare or local. Yates and Seneca counties. Paine^s Catalogue. 5. Carex vulpinoidea Mx. Stems ]^°-2i° high, firm and erect, acutely angled and rough above the smooth terete base ; leaves rough-margined, l^-'^" wide, slender pointed and often surpassing the culm ; spike i'-i' long, dull brown or sometimes with a tinge of green ; spikelets clustered on branches S'-O' long, usually densely aggregated above, in the lower half the clusters are mostly S'-b" apart; 30 KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. bracts prominent, bristle-form or the lower filiform and sometimes exceeding tlieculm; perigynia ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, flat beneath, 2-3 nerved above, contracted into a narrow bilid rough- margined beak, about as long as the ovate awn-pointed scale, widely divergent at raaturits'. A coarse, homely species, somewhat variable, but the main characters are too manifest to be confounded with any other species. Comnon in swamps, ditches and fields. June. Inflorescence simj)le or the lower spikelets sometimes branched; perigyua piano convex, stipitate, thin, spongy at the base, marginless. Spikes brown, perigynia compressed-ovate alopecoidea. Spikes green, perigynia teretish-lanceolate stipata. 6. Carex stipata Muhl. Stems li"-3° high, erect, flaccid, the acute angles rough above the middle; leaves about as long as the culm, l^"-2Y wide, smooth, rough-margined ; spikes l'-3' long or more, light green ; spikelets 6-15, ovoid or oblong, contiguous above, the lower sepa- rate and sometimes branched, the lowest often -J'-l' in length; bracts bristle-form and inconspicuous or the lowest i'-l' long; perigynia subterete, lanceolate, prominently nerved, 2° long, tapering from a stalked truncate base into a slender rough mar- gined bifid beak twice longer than the body, widely diverging at maturity; scale lanceolate, thin, light brown, about one half the length of the perigynium. Very easily determined by the fruit, or by the color and bristly appearance of the spikes. Everywhere common in swampy fields. June. Var. crassicurta Peel: n. vat: Spikelets 7-12, aggregated in an ovoid or oblong head 9"-12" long, the perigynia horizontally spreading or somewhat deflexcd at the base, giving the spike an unusually bristly appearance. This well-marked variety is of a deeper green, and has a more rigid aspect than the type, whereby it may be readily recognized. Var. subsecuta Peck n. var. Spikes 2.V Hi' long; spikelets 9-12, globular, or the lower short-oblong, all conspicuously dis- tinct, pale green, mostly smaller than the type, but otherwise agreeing with it. EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 31 7. Carex alopecoidea Tuckm. Stems 18-30' high, erect, acutely angled, flaccid, rough on the angles above ; leaves about the length of the culm, erect-spread- ing, li"-2Y wide, rough beneath and on the margins ; spike i'-H' long, brown ; spikelets G-10, mostly aggregated, or the lower 2 or 3 sometimes distinct, the lowest sometimes with a few-flowered branch, ovoid or oblong, 2^-3" long ; bracts bristle-shaped, the 1 or 2 lower ^'-1' in length ; perigynia compressed-ovate, stalked and truncate or subcordate at the base, obscurely nerved on the upper surface, tapering into a flat rough-margined bitid beak, more or less divergent at maturity ; scale ovate, acute or cuspi- date, brown with whitish margins above the middle, nearly covering the brown, or sometimes greenish, perigynium. Distinguished by its brown spike and compressed, stalked, obscurely nerved fruit. Not common. Mostly in the central and western part of the State ; rare in the eastern ])art. June, July. Spikelets more or less aggregated, light or deep green (brown- ish in 13 when mature) ; perigynia compressed, sessile, distinctly margined. Leaves 2"-4" wide 1 Leaves less than 2" wide 2 1 Spikelets distinct below sparganioidcs. 1 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated cephaloidea . 2 Spikelets densely aggregated in an ovoid head . . . cephalopbora. 2 Spikelets contiguous iu an oblong head or approx- imate above, distinct below 3 3 Perigynia orbieular-ovate Muhlenbergii. 3 Perigynia ovate-lanceolate 4 4 Beak of perigynia rough-margined rosea . 4 Beak of perigynia smooth retroflexa. 8. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Stems 18-36' high, erect, robust, smooth, except near the top; leaves numerous, light green, smooth except on the edges, 2"'-4" wide, shorter or longer than the culm, the longest with filiform extremities; spikes 2^'-6' long, strict; spikelets 5-12, the 3 or 4 upper globose, aggregated, the others more or less oblong, i'-l' 32 BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. apart, the 2 or 3 lower 4'-8' in length, 2i''-3' thick, sometimes branched, slightly spreading on the straight or flexuose rachis; bracts bristle-shaped, inconspicuous ; perigynia 1^" long, broadl}'^ ovate, margined, nerveless, tapering or contracted into a short rough edged, bidentate beak, usually divergent but not reflexed at maturity ; scale thin, white, ovate, acute or cuspidate, about one-half as long as the perigynium. A reduced form, 18'-20' high, with closer spikelets, usually occurring in glades and on shaded rockv banks, is Var. minor Boott. This robust, handsome species is readily known by its ample graceful foliage and large strict spikes. Common in rich soil about woods and in copses. June, July. 9. Carex cephaloidea Bern. Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect or weak and somewhat spread- ing, flaccid, the upper half rough on the angles, smooth below ; leaves shorter than the culm, 2"-3" wide, thin, smooth, rough- margined, dark green; spikes ^'-1' in length, rarely capitate; spikelets 4-7, globose, contiguous, the two lower sometimes dis- tinct or 2" apart, 2|" long and broad, ascending ; bracts incon- spicuous; perigynia \\" long or more, nerveless, dark green, soft, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a flat, rough-edged, bidentate beak, spreading at maturity ; scale thin, white, short-ovate, blunt, mucronate, about half as long as the perigynium; achenium obovate ; style slightly enlarged at base. Moist or swampy places, mostly in woods or copses. June, July. In the eastern part of the State this species is less common than the preceding one to which it has sometimes been added as a variety, but from which it is easily separated by its spikelets bjing collected in an oblong head. From 0. Muhlenbergii it is distinguished especially by its broader leaves. 10. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Stems 10-30' high, stiff, erect, smooth or a little rough near the head, often branched at base as if stoloniferous; leaves rather stiff, the longest sometimes exceeding the culm, gradually tapering to a setaceous point, f-l^" wide, smooth or the margins slightly rough; spike capitate, ovate or short oblong, 3'-9' long, pale green ; spikelets 4-6, globose, densely aggregated, spreading ; bracts KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 33 setaceous, 3'-0" long, the upper mostly concealed by the crowded spikelets ; perigynia IJ" long, firm, sometimes faintly nerved near the distinct margin, round-ovate, tapering into a short, rough edged, bidentate beak, widely spreading at maturity ; scale white, thin, ovate, with a rough-awned point, a little smaller than the perigynium ; achenium round-ovate, the short style with a conic base. This is one of our commonest species and can not be con- founded with any other. It grows in open fields and in and about woods and copses. June. From forms of C. Muhlenbergii, which sometimes approach it in the shape and size of the head, it is easily separated by its smaller perigynia. 1 1 . Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Stems 15-30' high, firm, erect, triangular, rough on the angles near the head, smooth below ; leaves shorter than the culm, li"-2' wide, open. Hat, or sometimes slightly involute, smooth except on the margins, the ends slender and setaceous ; sjiike i'-ii' in length, 3" broad or more, green ; spikelets 4-9, globose, contigu- ous, 2"-3" long, spreading or the 3 upper erect ; bracts bristle- shaped, conspicuous, S'-O" long; perigynia 1^-2* long, firm, broadl}'^ round-ovate, strongly nerved on both sides, terminating in a short, rough-margined, bidentate beak, spreading but not retlexed ; scale ovate, pointed or rough-awned, about as long as the perigynium ; achenium round-ovate, the short style with a conical base. Common ; growing in a variety of soil, but especially in light sandy or sterile places. In some forms the head is ovate, resem- bling that of the preceding species. June. Var. enervis Boott. Differs from the type in its slender, spreading, sometimes reclining stems, its soft leaves 1" wide, and its shorter spike and fewer-flowered spikelets, its smaller, h ss firm, exactly ovate, nervtjless perigynia, the scale thin, mostly smooth- pointed or mucronate. This slender form is, perhaps, peculiar to south-eastern New York (Westchester county), where it inhabits open and slightly shaded grounds. The form which differs from the type only in its nerveless perigjnia (Gray's Man.) occurs farther north. Eensselaer county. 5 34 KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 12. Carex rosea Schk Stems usually clustered, l°-2 high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, ^"-1" wide, smooth, rough- margined ; spikes I'-lf long, green ; spikelets 4—6, globose, the 2 or 3 upper contiguous, the others 2"-0" apart, 5-12 flowered; bracts bristle-shaped or filiform^ extending from an ovoid or deltoid base i'-2|' ; perigynia lanceolate, thin, nerveless, gradually tapering to a flat rough edged bidentate beak, twice longer than the broad blunt thin white scale; achenium ovate, apiculate. The base of the beak above is usually clearly defined by an abrupt depression of the perigynium. The fruit is stronglj^ diver- gent or rcllcxcd at maturity. Very common and variable. Woods and open places. June. Var. radiata Dew. Culms almost capillary, 6-12' high, the leaves often longer, V-1" wide, the spikelets 2—1: flowered, the 1 or 2 lower often distant, each subtended b\' a filiform bract exceeding the culm ; perigynia oval-lanceolate, erect or spreading ; 6cale broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, sometimes mucronate. Var. minor Boott. This differs from the last in its larger and longer culms, and its erect or ascending perigynia, their scales ovate, acute or mucronate, or sometimes rough-cuspidate. A^ar. pusilla Peck, n. var. Stems 3'-8' high, stiff, smooth ; leaves a little longer than the culm, V wide, rough-margined ; spikelets 2-4, the upper 2 contiguous, the others \' apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous bract ^'-1' long, 3-9 flowered; perigynia ovate-oblong, about one-third longer than the ovate obtuse or acutish scale, divergent but not rtfloxed. Var. staminata Peck, n. var. Stems 15-20' high, slender and somewhat spreading ; leaves ^''- J" wide ; spikelets 1-5 flowered, each with the staminate portion conspicuous and persistent, the mature perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed. 13. Carex retroflexa J/u/il. Stems tufted, 6-18' high, firm, erect, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, V-V wide, smooth, rough-margined; spikes i"-W or more in length, light green, becoming brown when mature ; spikelets 3-8, globose, 3-9 flowered, the upper con- tiguous, the 1 or 2 lower sometimes 2'-3'' apart, the lowest with BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANI8T. 35 a setaceous or filiform bract 3''-2i' long ; perigynia ovate-'icumi- nate or lanceolate, with a thick, spongy base, nerveless, tapering into a smooth margined bifid beak, a little longer than the ovate obtuse or pointed brown scale, reflexed at maturity ; achenium broadly ovate^ apiculate. Sejjarated from the last by its more rigid culms, its more aggre- gate spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked fruit. Open woods and fields. Infrequent. June. It occurs chiefly in the southern central and western parts of the State. It is rare or wanting in the northern and eastern parts. Spikelets pistillate above, staminate at the base. Leaves mostly narrow, soft and spreading, shorter than the culm ; spikelets 3-8, approximate or more or loss distant, (capitate in 15), silvery-green ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, somewhat coriaceous or thickened at the base, turning silvery or brownish when mature ; bracts scale-like or bristleforra. Spikelets commonly 10-30 fl>wered or more ... canescens. Spikelets commonly 2-5 flowered 1 1 Spikelets aggregated in a dense head temiiflora. 1 Si)ikelet8 not aggregated 2 2 Leaves less than 1" wide trisperma. 2 Leaves more than 1 " wide Deweyana. 14. Carex trisperma Dtio. Stems l°-2° high, ver}' slender, spreading, sometimes prostrate, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm, about ^" wide, smooth except the margins, flat, soft and thin ; spikelets 2-3, the 2 upper J'-l' apart or all L'-2i' distant, the lower with filiform bracts ^'-2^' long, the highest sometimes with a setaceous bract 3"-5" in length, 2-4 flowered ; perigynia oblong-ovate, prominently finely nerved on both sides, thick or coriaceous, suberect, terminating in a short entire beak ; scale oblong-ovate, pointed or obtusish, usually shorter than the perigynium, achenium elliptical, the base tapering. Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July. A form is sometimes found in sphagnous swamps with almost filiform leaves. 36 EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 15. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Stems 0'-18' high, slender or capillary, erect or spreading, mostly naked, smooth ; leaves smooth, flat and involute, -J"-!" wide, usually shorter than the culm ; sj)iive capitate, silvery green, b 'Coming whitish at maturity ; spikelets 2-1-3 3-5 flowered, jiggregated in an ovoid head, or rarely the lowest 2"-3" distant ; bracts bristle-form, mostly shorter than the spike; perigynia ovate oblong, thick, nerved, light brown, beakless, nearly covered by the ovate-oblong whitish scale. Stems tufted and branclied at base, the shortest often firm and erect, the longest flexile. The silvery green spikelets collected in a head distinguish this very rare or local species. It has been reported from Oneida and St. Lawrence counties. June. 16. Carex Deweyana Sc/m. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth; leaves numerous, smooth, slightly rough-edged, l"-li" wide, shorter than the culm, pale green becoming yellowish with age; spikes 9"-2' long, fle.xuous ; spikelets 2-t, the 2 or 3 u]iper ones approxi- mate, the lowest distant or subdistant, 2-6 flowered, silvery- green ; bracts bristle-shaped or filiform, the 2 lower sometimes exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, acuminate, obscurely nerved, thin, 2" long, with a long, rough-margined, bidentate beak ; scale thin, whitish, oblong-acuminate or rough awned, as long as the perigynium. Woods and open ])laces. Common. June. Easily recognized by the somewhat bristly asjiect of the soft silvery spikelets and the somewhat drooping or flexuous character of the spike. 17. Carex canescens X. Stems 15-30' high, erect, rough above the middle ; leaves glaucous, smooth, tlic margins rough, I'-l.^" wide, the extremities filiform, shorter tlian the culm, or the radical ones sometimes e.xceedingit; spikes li'-3' long; spikelets 4-8, densely 10 to 30 flowered, ovoid or globose, the 2 or 3 upper ones approximate, the others 3"-12" apart, all more or less contracted at the base, silvery-green ; bracts scale-like, sometimes with a bristle-shajied EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 37 prolongation, or the lowest setaceous or leaf-like; perigynia ovate, nerved at the base, minutely punctate, whitish, tapering into a short bifid or entire beak, divergent at maturity, a little longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse scale ; achenium elliptical. Swamps and low wet places. Very common. May, June. Eeadily determined by its silvery spikes and glaucous-green foli- age. Small, slender forms with fewer flowered spikelets, but glaucous foliage approach the following variety. A form occurs in Suffolk county in which the terminal spikelet is wholly stami- nate or bears but few perigynia. Var. vulgaris Bailey. Differs from the type in its more slender, erect, or diffuse stems ; its narrower, green, not glaucous, leaves ; its fewer and smaller spikelets, with fewer flowers, and in its green, horizontally-spreading perigynia with more pronounced beaks and shorter scales. Var. alpicola Wahl. Stems G'-lo' high, firm, erect or spreading; leaves green, 1" wide; spikelets 3-5, globular, G-15 flowered, the lowest sometimes with a filiform bract 2'-2^' long, sometimes the ne.xt above with a bristle-shaped bract i' or more in length ; perigynia green with brown spots or tawny ; otherwise as in the preceding. A lowland form has capillary stems 15-20' high, leaves i" wide or less; perigynia green slightly dashed with brown. Spikelets 3-8 (single in 18) ovoid or oblong, approximate above, interrupted below, or all scattered ; perigynia slightly concave, rough or smooth-margined, nerved or nerveless, usually strongly rcflexed at maturity; bracts bristle-form or rarely the lowest leaf-like. Plants rather rigid, green, often becoming yellowish with age. In all the species of this group the terminal spikelet appears to be stalked, the lower part being much contracted and clothed with the scales of the staminate flowers. Perigynia ovate, small 1 Perigynia ovate or ovate-lauceolale, large 2 1 Spikelets scattered; perigynia with a short smooth beak. . . seorsa. 1 Spikelets contiguous or approximate, perigynia rough- beaked interior. 2 Spikelet single, sometimes wholly fertile or wholly sterile, exilis. 2 Spikelets approximate or scattered sterilia. 38 BEPOKT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 18. Carex exilis -Dew. Stems l°-2° high, firm, erect or suberect, rough above; leaves iavulute, stiff, smooth, as long as the culm, or much shorter; spikes densely flowered, cylindrical or short oblong, contracted at the base by the numerous scales of the staminate flowers, sometimt-'S wholly staminate or wholly pistillate, ^'-1' long, light brown ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, few-nerved above, spreading, tapering to a flat, rough-margined bidentate beak, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. Cold swamps in the northern and eastern parts of the State ; also on Long Island. Rare. June, July. This is a very distinct and easily recognized species. Some- times an additional spike or two may develop at the base of the usual one. 19. Carex sterilis Willd. Stems 15-30' high, firm, erect, rough above ; leaves rough on the edges, longer or shorter than the culm, \"-ji' broad, some- times involute above ; spike i'-l^' long, strict or flexuous, yellowish-green or tawny ; spikelets 3-6, globose, 2 "-3" in length and thickness, IV-Z" apart, or the upper 2 or 3 contiguous, the terminal contracted below and stalk-like from the several staminate scales, or sometimes all staminate or again each spikelet partly or wholly sterile ; bracts scale like or bristleform, the latter ^'-1' in length ; perigynia variable, ovate or evenly lanceolate, subcoidate, one or both surfaces nerved, contracted into a short or long, narrow, rough-mar- gined, sharply toothed beak, widely divergent at maturity; scale ovate, obtuse or acute, whitish or brown, shorter than the perigynium ; achenium ovate. Culms with a single sterile spike frequently occur, and more rarely with the lower half of the spike fertile. The perigynia are mostly thin, but sometimes spongy at the base, strongly divergent at maturity, their bristling tips occasionally bent or deflexed. Swamps and wet places. Ver}' common. ^lay, June. Var. excelsior BaUey. Differs from the type in its taller, more slender culms, mostly 2°-2^°high; its larger, greener, more scattered spikelets, y-i" long; its larger perigynia prominently nerved on both sides, and in its oblong-ovate, acute or pointed scale. KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 39 This and the following varieties constitute the species C. stellulata L. of Gray's Man., 5th ed. Common in swamps and wet meadows. Var. cephalantha Bailey. Resembles the last, but has stouter, stiffer culms, l°-2° high ; spikes U'-2' long ; spikelets 5-8, 15-30 flowered, 3'-4:" long, aggregated or approximate, sometimes becoming yellowish with age; perigynia horizontally spreading at maturity. Long Island. May, June. Var. aaquidistans Peck n. var. Stems 12'-30' high, rough, stout, or rarely slender; spikes li'-2i' long; spikelets 4-6, 15-30 flowered, globular or oblong, S"-()' apart ; perigynia horizontally spreading, usually the lower onesdeflexed. Wet places. Oneida and Essex counties. June. July. Var. angustata Bailey. Stems 3-12' high, very slender, wiry, erect, the setaceous or flat leaves less than i" wide; the 2-4 spikelets 2"-3" apart, 2-6 flowered, the terminal erect or oblique; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, tajiering into a long, slender bifid beak much longer than the scale. Easily recognized by its spikelets. (C. stellulata var. angustata Carey). In swamps and wet meadows. Infrequent except in the north- ern part of the State where it is common in swamps and wet places. June, July. 20. Carex interior Bailey. Stems 8' -20' high, erect, rough near the spike; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, ^"-1" wide, sometimes involute when dry; spikes 3"-G' in length, greenish brown; spikelets 2-4, contiguous, or 2''-3'' distant, the terminal one plainly staminate at the base, 4-10 flowered, a litlle divergent at maturity ; bracts scale-like or bristleform ; perigynia widely spreading, small, ovate, nerved on the upper side, thick and spongy at the round or subcordate base, J"-l" long, contracted into a slender rough-margined bifid beak, longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse brown white- margined scale. Swam])s and wet places. Common in the central counties of the State. June. Var. capillacea Bailey. Slender, 6'-16' high, stems and leaves capillary ; " perigynia broader and more conspicuously nerved on both sides." In our specimens the two lower spike- 40 KEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. lets are often 3"-V apart, the perigynia nerveless or obscurely nerved on the upper surface only, and widely divergent at matur- it}', agreeing with a form occurring in We^t Albany and Junius, having slightly wider leaves (^" wide or less) which cunnects the variety and the type. Low grounds along streams and shores. Long Island. May, June. 21. Carex seorsa i/bjoe. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves mostly a little shorter than the culm, 1"-H" wide, rough-margined ; spike l'-2i' long, erect, green ; spikelets 4-6, 6-20 flowered, globular or oblong, 2"-2i" long, the upper two approximate, the others scattered, the lowest ^'-1' distant from the next above, usually subtended by a bristle form bract, rarel}"^ by a leafy one 1|' long; the terminal spikelet pistillate at the apex, rarely wholly stami- nate ; perigynia small, broa^dly ovate, nerved on both sides, contracted into a short, smooth-margined, bifid beak, much longer than the green and brown white-margined subacute scale. Swampy woods and groves. May, June. Lansingburgh, Rens- selaer county. Ilowe. East Islip, Suffolk county, and near Rome, Oneida county. Peck. This species grows in tufts and is separated from C. interior by its taller, stouter culms, its longer spikes, more numerous and more scattered spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked perigynia. Spikelets 2-15 or more, approximate or more or less aggregated, ovate, obovoid, globular or clavate, sessile, erect or spreading, green, fulvous or silvery-green, whitish or tawny ; perigynia concavo-convex, ovate, obovate or lanceolate, mostly nerved, prominently wing-margined, with a flat mostly rough-margined bifid beak. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, narrowly winged mirabilis. Perigv'iia linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate . . 1 Pericynia orbicular-ovate, broadly winged 2 1 S])ikek't.s in a dense cluster partly concealed by long bracts eychnoccphala. 1 Si>ikilets contiguous, bracts not concealing them ... 3 3 Spikelets densely aggregated, perigynia widely 8])reading or reflexcd cristata, 3 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated, perigynia not retlcxed 4 BEFOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 41 4 Spikelets 8-15 obovoid, tips of perigj'nia ascending. . tribuloides. 4 Spikelets 4-8, ovate, acute, peiigynia erect scoparia. 2 Spikes often drooping, spikelets green or fulvous, perigynia loose, ascending straminea. 2 Spikes mostly erect, spikelets with a slight yellow- ish tinge, bilvery 'green, whitish or fulvous 5 5 Spikelets globose-ovate, aciuish, perigynia erect albolutescens. 5 Spikelets whitish, silvery-green or fulvous 6 6 Spikeletsobovoid, perigynia somewhat spreading. . fcenea. 6 Spikelets 5"-10" long, ovoid or clavate 7 1 Spikelets whitish, perigynia appreseed silicea. 7 Spikelets straw-colored, perigynia ascending alata. 22. Carex cristata >Sckw. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above the middle, prominently leafy ; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, tbeir sheaths enlarged upward, 2'-3" wide, scabrous on the margins; spike f'-H' in length, erect or oblique, cristate; spikelets 7-12 or more, globular, densely aggregated, squarrose, the lowest with a setaceous or sometimes leafy bract I'-'i^' long; perigynia elliptical-lanceolate, winged, nerved, tapering from the middle to a rough-edged bidentate beak, recurved or spreading at maturity; scale lanceolate, obtusisb, brown, one-third shorter than the perigynium ; acheniuni oval, short-stalked. Fields and open woods, mostly in wet places. Common. July. This fine species is at once known by its squarrose globose spikelets and light green foliage. It is not very variable. It is reirarded as a variety of C. tribuloides in the Manual, but it is so constant and so i)eculiar in its appearance, being easily recogniz- able at sight, that it seems worthy of specific distinction. 23. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Stems 2°-3° high, firm, rough on the acute angles above; leaves li"-2^' wide, their sheaths loose and wide above, rough beneath or mostly on the margins, usually shorter than the culm ; spikes I'-l^' long or more, erect, green ; spikelets 8-15, aggregated or a little interrupted below, subglobose, the 1 )west with a setaceous or leafy bract 1-2^' in length ; perigynia narrowlj^ lanceolate, nerved, winged, 2"-2^" long, tapering from the middle to a long, rough-edged, bidentate 42 BEPOBT OF THE 8TATK BOTANIST. beak, erect or spreading at maturity ; scale lanceolate, obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynium ; achenium oval, stalked. Low moist ground and swales in fields or thin woods. Com- mon. July. Var. reducta Bailey. More slender than the type ; spike l'-2' long, straight or flexuous, often nodding or recurved, somewhat evenly interrupted or moniliform ; spikelets 3-10, 2"-ii^" long, subglobose or obovate ; bracts, when present, bristle-form ; peri- gynia lanceolate, spreading, a little longer than the scale ; achen- ium short-stalked or sessile. Swamps or wet places in fields or the borders of woods. Common. July. The spikelets are smaller than in the typical form of the spe- cies, and in general appearance the plant is quite distinct and probably worthy of specific distinction. Var. Bebbii Bailey. Slender, erect ; leaves l^"-2" wide, much shorter than the culm, their sheaths not enlarged above; spike- lets 4-6, ovoid, 2"-2i" long, aggregated into an ovoid head 5"-6' long, greenish-brown or tawny ; bracts usually present, bristle- form ; perigynia lanceolate, narrowly winged, erect-spreading, a little longer than the acute brown scale ; achenium oval, sessile. Wet places. Rensselaer and Cortland counties and in the northern part of the State. July. This also might easily be regarded as a valid species. 24. Carex scoparia Schk. Stems l|°-2i° high, slender, erect, rough at the top ; leaves shorter than the culm, \"-iV wide, rough-margined ; spike f '-1^' in length, straight or a little ilexuous, greenish brown or tawny ; spikelets 4-8, oblong ovate or elliptical, acute, the upper contigu- ous, the others distinct, or often aggregated into an ovoid head, sub-erect ; bracts usually early deciduous, leafy when present ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, nerved, winged, tapering to a pointed bifid beak, slightly spreading at maturity ; scale lance- olate, acute, brown, about one-half the length of the perigynium ; achenium narrowly oval, long-stalked. Common in open fields and in ditches by roadsides. July. This species is very easily distinguished by its ovate acute brownish or tawny spikelets and appressed perigynia. EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 43 Var. minor Boott. A much reduced form, 6-10' high, the spikelets 2"-4:" long and darker than in the tj'po. It often grows in drier places. Apparently an off-shoot of this is forma elatior Peck, ill JUL which is taller, the spikes da/ker, and the perigynia more spreading, a not unusual condition in the Adirondack speci- mens. A noticeable feature is the filiform bract, which subtends the lowest spikelet. 25. Carex albolutescens Schw. Stems l^°-2° high, erect or slender and recurved at the sum- mit; le-rves T'-l^" wide, rough-margined, mostly shorter than the culm ; -ipike f'-lj' in length, erect or subflexuous and droop- ing, light yellowish-green; spikelets 3-8, approximate, ovoid, obtuse or subacute, the terminal one conspicuously staminate and contracted at the base ; the scales acute or cuspidate ; bracts scale-like or bristle-shaped, that of the lowest spikelet -J'-l J' long; perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, thin, erect, Avith a slightly rough-margined bifid beak, a little longer than the ovate pointed or cuspidate scale; achenium oval, short-stipitate. The spikelets are sometimes globose and green rather than pale yellowish-green, but the species is well marked by its erect perigynia, shar|)ly pointed scales and bristle-shaped bracts. — (C. straminea var. foenea Torr. Gray's Man., 6th ed.) Suffolk county. July. Yar. cumulata Bailey. Stems taller and leaves shorter; spike- lets 5-30, aggregated, abruptly contracted at base, spreading; perigj'^nia obscurely nerved, appressed, otherwise as in the type. Suffolk county. July. 26 Carex foenea Wdld. Stems 15-30' high, slender, erect or recurved-spreading, smooth; leaves light green, l"-lf" wide, smooth, shorter than the culm, spike f '-1^' in length, recurved or flexuous, silvery or whitish green ; spikelets 5-8, the upper 2 or 3 contiguous, the others more or less separate, globose or obovate, contracted at the base into a short or long slender stipe, the lowest sometimes with a colored bristle-tipped bract ^' long; perigynia broadly ovate, prominently nerved on both sides, broadly winged above the middle, finely scabrous margined, with a short bidentate beak, somewhat loosely spreading when mature; scale ovate, 4i BBPOBT Ol' THK STATE BOTANIST. acute, whitish or tawny, about the length of the perigynium ; achenium ovate, apiculate. A fine species, easily determined by the slender lax stems, and silvery-white, subsquarrose spikelets. Woods and copses, especially ia hilly and mountainous parts of the State. Common. June, July. Var. perplexa Bailey. Larger, stouter, erect; the spiiielets larger, the staminate jiortion less conspicuous, approximate, or aggregated into an erect head, the lowest sometimes prominently bracteate, perigynia of a firmer texture. A form occurs which has stiff, subflexuous spikes, silvery-green spikelets, ovate above but narrowed below, and somewhat club- shaped; perigynia thin, spreading, about as long as the pointed scale. Dry ground. "Washington and Otsego counties. June, July. Var. sparsiflora Olney. Differs from the type in its more slender culms, the spikes mostly nodding, and in its fewer, smaller and fewer-flowered spikelets. 27. Carex silicea Olney. Stems l°-2° high, firm, often recurved at the summit, mostly smooth ; leaves stiff, erect, flat or involute, rough beneath, as long as the culm ; spikes l^'-3' long, often flexuous ; spikelets 4-8 or more, sej)arate, niouiliform, ovate, acute or obtuse, with a club-shaped base, silver^'-white or tawny, Z"-b" long, erect or spreading ; bracts scale-like, lanceolate, as long as the stipe-like base ; perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, wrinkled on the broad wing above, tapering into a short, smooth or ruughish bifid beak, about etjual to or a little surpassing the ovate, pointed scale ; the tips of the perigynia mostly appressed. Sandy soil. Suffolk count}'. Julv. This species is abundant near the sea shore. Forms sometimes occur in which the spikelets are contiguous or the upper ones even aggregated. Occasionally the lowest one is borne on a long peduncle or branch, and rarely it is compound. 28. Carex straininea WUkl. Stems 15'-30' high, erect or the summit drooping, smooth ; leaves usually shorter than the c ilm, l"-\h" wide, smooth or rough-margined, yellowish green; spike I'-IJ' long, flexuous; EfePOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 45 spikeiets 3-S, contiguous or 3'-i' apart, ovate or subglobose above the contracted staminate base, 2"-2i" wide, erect or ascend- ing ; bracts scale-like, pointed, or the lowest bristb shaped, rarely leaf -like ; perig^^nia ovate, faintly or conspicuously nerved on one or both sides, moderately winged, with a short or long bifid beak, the tips loosely spreading, a little longer than the ovate acute tawny scale; achenium oval or obovate, apiculate. — (C. tenera Deiv., Wood's CI. E., C. straminea var. tenera Baott., Gray's Man., 5th ed.) A common species in copses and open fields. June, July. Var. brevior Dew. Every wa}' larger than the type ; spike stiff and erect ; spikeiets approximate or separate, ovate or sub- globose above the staminate base, 3'-5° broad ; perigjnia orbicu- lar-ovate, broadly winged, nerved, with a conspicuously short bifid beak, the points loosely spreading. Var. festucacea Boott. Spike erect, or slightly llexuous and recurved ; spikeiets -t-lO, club-shaped, the sterile ]iortion usually exceeding the fertile, 4"-G' long, the upper 3 or -i contiguous, the others separate, forming an open or interrupted spike l^'-3' long, straw-colored or tawn}'. Var. Crawei Boott. Differs from the last in its more robust habit, its weaker and sometimes drooping spikes, its larger globular spikeiets, usually only the highest with a conspicuously contracted base, and in its broader winged, longer beaked perigynia. Saratoga county. Var. aperta Boott. Eesembles the type in its slender habit and nodding spikes, but has larger spikeiets all prominently tai)ering at the base, the perigynia more broadly winged, longer beaked, twice the length of the rusty brown scale. Var. invisa W. Boott. Stems l°-2° high, lax at the summit; leaves as long as the culm, 1" wide or less ; spike narrow, flexuous ; spikeiets aggregated or separate, the lowest often distant or remote, 2 J "-3" broad, rusty brown ; bracts filiform, 2' -5' in length. Sandy soil. Suffolk county. 29. Carex alata Torr. Stems li°-3° high, firm, erect, smooth below ; leaves stiff, rough-margined, I'-li'wide, shorter than the culm; spike I'-l^' long or more ; spikeiets 4-10, i'-f;' in length ; ovate or obovate, 46 EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. acute, contiguous or separate, greenish or straw-colored, some- times tawny ; perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, cuneate or cordate at the base, nerved, broadly winged, with a short abrupt beak, longer and broader than the lanceolate, acute or rough- awned scale — (C. straminea Willd. var. alata Bailey.) Swales and wet places. SufTolk and Seneca counties. July. 30. Carex mirabilis Dew. Stems 15'-36' high, erect, smooth ; leaves about equaling the culm, li"-2" wide, rough-edged ; spike l-^'-2' in length, erect, often flexuous ; spikelets 4-1 1, globose, contiguous, or the 2 or 3 lower ones sometimes i!"-3" apart, ascending or widely spreading, green becoming tawny or rusty when old ; bracts scale-like, or the lowest usually short setaceous ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, lightly nerved on both sides, narrowly winged, gradually taper- ing into a short or long rough-margined bifid beak, widely diverging when mature ; scale narrowly ovate, obtus2, much shorter than the perigynium ; achenium oval, apiculate and stipitate. Easily determined by its coarse, rigid aspect and squarrose spikelets. Common in copses and fields. June. This is added to C. straminea as a variety in the last edition of the Manual. 3 1 . Carex sychnocephala Carey, Stems 8'-lG' high, erect, smooth; leaves 4'-!)' in length, I'-l-J' wide ; spikelets 4-5, densely aggregated in a head, G'-Q" long, Z'-a' wide, partly concealed by 3 leaf-like bracts S'-O' in length; perigynia linear-lanceolate, 2.V'-3" long, pointed at the base, nerved, the long slender beak sharply toothed, twice the length of the blunt or mucronate scale. Low wet meadows and moist places. Very rare. June, July. Collected aljout fifty years ago in Herkimer and Jefferson counties, but it does not appear to have been found in our State recently. Staminate flowers situated above or below the pistillate or the middle spikelets sometimes wholly sterile or wholly fertile. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, perigynia linear-lanceolate. . bromoides. Spikelets 4-8, perigynia lanceolate siccata . Spikelets 10-15 or more, jiorigynia ovate-lanceolate Sartwellii. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 47 32. Carex Sartwellii Dew. Stems 18-30' high, erect, smooth ; leaves usually shorter than the culm, 1"-U" wide, rough on the slender points; spike l'-2' long, erect, brown; spikelets 12-20, contiguous or the lower 2" or 3" distant, ovate, widely spreading; bracts scale-like, or the lower ones setaceous, 3"-6" long ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, nerved, gradually tapering into a short, rough-edged, bifid beak, a little exceeding the ovate acute brown scale, loosely spreading at maturity. Bogs and swamps. Very rare. Seneca county. July. The numerous spreading spikelets disposed in a rather compact spike distinguishes this species. It is C. disticha Hiids. in the fifth edition of the Manual. 33. Carex siccata D.w. Stoloniferous ; stems 15-30' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, about 1" wide, smooth; spikes |'-U' long, brown, dry and chafiFy ; spikelets 7-10, 4"-6" long, ovate or elliptical, acute or blunt at the apex, mostly aggregated ; bracts scale like, the lower lanceolate acumi- nate, sometimes rough-awned; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, with a long rough bifid beak scarcely spreading at maturity ; scale broadly lanceolate, acute, brown, with broad white margins above the middle. A special feature of this species is the dry or overripe appear- ance of the spikes. Rich soil in open woods and copses, also on sandy plains. Rare in the western part of the State, but more common in the eastern and southern part. June, July. 34. Carex bromoides Sriik. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect or spreading, rougli above the middle ; leaves as long as the culm, or shorter, ^"-1" wide, rough- edged ; spikes J'-H' long, of a clear light brown; spikelets S-8, the upper three usually contiguous, the lower ones more or less separate, the lowest sometimes subdistant, erect, cylindrical, 3"-9" in length; bracts scale-like, the lowest short-setaceous; perigynia linear-lanceolate, nerved, tapering below to a thick corky base, and above into a long slender rough edged bifid 48 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. « beak, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate or ovate acute brown scale, erect-spreading at maturity. The conspicuously corky base of the perigynia distinguishes this species. Wooded swamps, wet meadows, etc. Common. May, June. Stigtnas 3 ; acheniiim triangular. Spikes staminate above, pistillate below. Flowers disposed in a single spike 2"-8" long. Bracts and scales not leaf -like. Perigynia oblong, erect poly trichoides. Perigynia awl-shaped, deflexed pauciflora. 35. Carex poly trichoides Muhl. Stems 4-1.5' high, capillary, diffuse or erect, rough above ; leaves fiat or capillary, V wide, smooth and soft, mostly about the length of the culms; spike linear, 2"-5" long, subloosely flowered, green or brownish at maturity ; bracts scale like, ovate, bristle-ti[)ped; perigynia 1^" long, subtriquetrous, alternate, erect, slightly recurved at the apex, nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse or acute, whitish scale, the latter usually caducous. Swamps and wet places. Common. June. The species is easily distingui.>hed by the small green few- fiowered spikes and caducous scales. 36. Carex pauciflora JJijhtf. Stems G'-IS' high, stiff, erect or curved, smooth below; leaves flat or involute, -J" wide, rough-margined, stiff and often curved, mostly shorter than the culm ; staminate scales 2, light brown, conspicuously terminating the spike; s])ike loosely 2-5 flowered; perigynia awl-shaped, 4" long, slightly inflated, mostly erect in the early stage, becoming widely divergent and strongly detiexed at maturity, twice the length of the lanceolate scale. Cold sphagnous swamps and bogs. Common in the northern part of the State, rare elsewhere. June, July. A pretty species, easily distinguished by its single spike and subulate at length deflexed perigynia. Bracts and scales leaf-like. Perjf^ynia 2-5, smooth Backii. Perigynia 4-9, rouLfh on the angles and beak Willdenovii. Perigynia 2-5, rougli on the beak Jamesii. EEPOET OF THB STATE B0TAKI8T. 49 37. Carex Backii Boott. Stems i'-4' high, difiFuse ; leaves 2-4 times the length of the culm, li" wide, slightly rough-margined ; perigynia 2-4, globular- ovate, abruptly contracted into a long, smooth beak ; scales leafy, mostly concealing the spike ; staminate scale-t inconspicuous. Woods. Local. June. Found many years ago in Jefferson county. The name has recently been changed to C. durifolia Bailey. 38. Carex Willdenovii Schk. Stems I'-IO' high or more, slender, erect or diffuse; leaves 1"_1^" wide, far surpassing the culm, roughish on the margins; spike 2"-4" long, 4-9 flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, rough on the angles and the awl-shaped beak ; scales leaf-like below, the upper broadly lanceolate with a green 3-nerved center and scarious margins, usually exceeding the perigynia, staminate portion 2"-3" long. Moist, shady places in woods and ravines. Rare. Jefferson and Cavuga counties. June. Sometimes one or two additional spikes are borne on subradical peduncles. 39. Carex Jamesii Schw. Stems 3-10' high, capillary, spreading or erect; leaves mostly twice the length of the culm, i'-W wide, rough on the margins ; spike conspicuous, loosely 2-5 flowered; perigynia globular, smooth, abruptly contracted into a long, rough-edged beak ; scales leaf like, mostly exceeding the culm; staminate portion 3''-5' long. "Woods and ravines. Very rare. Cayuga county. June. This is C. Steudelii Kunth. B. Staminate and pistillate flowers disposed in separate spikes on the same culm or plant (monoeecious), or on distinct culms or separate plants (dioecious). Stigmas 2, rarely 3 ; achenium lenticular. Plant commonly dioecious. 40. Carex gynocrates Wormsk. Stems 4-6' high, erect, rough at the summit, as long as the capillary leaves ; sterile spike linear, 6" long or less , fertile spikes 4"-5" in length; perigynia oblong-ovate, teretish, 1^" long^ 7 50 BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. nerved, contracted into a short bifid or notched beak, longer than the ovate acute or pointed scale, horizontally spreading at maturity. Swamps. Eare. June, July. Genesee, Wayne, Yates and Herkimer counties. Var. substaminata Peck. (C. monosperma Macoun). This has a single perigynium at the base of the staminate spike. Plant monoecious. Staminate spikes 1-3, stalked, often with a few fertile flowers at the base or apex; pistillate spikes 1-5, stalked or sessile, cylindrical, densely flowered or sometimes loosely flowered toward the base, often staminate at the apex ; bracts leaf-like or liliform, the lowest usually equaling or surpassing the culm, sheathless ; perigynia compressed, ovate or obovate (turgid in 47 and 48) ; scales dark purple or brown (sometimes greenish in 47 and 4s), giving a mottled appearance to the spikes, mostly shorter than the perigynia. Pistillate spikes erect or spreading (the lower ones recurved or drooping in 46), scales awnless 1 Pistillate spikes nodding, scales rough-awned 6 1 Perigj'nia stalked, their scales blackish-purple or brown, 2 1 Perigynia sessile, their scales brown or purple-margined, 5 2 Perigynia nerved or nerveless, their sca'ea blackish- purple rigida. 2 Perigynia nerveless, their scales brown 3 3 Perigj'nia obovate, spikes 2' wide aquatilis. 3 Perigynia ovate or elliptical, sj)ikes less than 2" wide . . 4 4 Scales sharp pointed, squarrose aperta. 4 Scales obtuse, perigynia tortuous at the apex torta. 5 Perigynia nerveless " stricta. 5 Perigynia slightly nerved lenticularis. 6 Perigynia obovate crinita. 6 Perigynia ovate or oblong-ovate gynandra. 41. Carex rigida Good., van Bigelovii Tuckm. Stems 10-15' high, erect, smooth, sometimes stoloniferous ; leaves shorter than, or as long as, the culm, smooth, usually 1' wide, erect, or the lower ones recurved-spreading, smooth; EEPOHT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 51 staminate spike linear, 3"-9" long, borne on a stalk T-IO" in length, light brown ; pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate, the upper two sometimes contiguous and sessile, or the lower two stalked, the lowest sometimes borne on an erect or spreading peduncle 6"-9" long, subdensely or loosely flowered, often interrupted and tapering at base, j-'-l^' in length; bracts short setaceous, or the lowest sometimes exceeding the spike ; perigynia elliptical, nerved or nerveless, whitish green, mostly covered by the blackish- purple elliptical scale. It may be distinguished from the related species by its small size, blackish fertile spikes and by its alpine habit. Summits of the higher peaks of the Adirondack mountains, especially Mt. Whiteface and Mt. Marcy. In the fifth edition of Gray's ilanual, Carey describes a very different plant under the above name. 42. Carex lenticularis JIx. Stems 10'-20' high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading, mostly smooth; leaves usually shorter than the culm, f-l' wide, rough-margined ; staminate spike cylindrical, sometimes bearing a few perigynia, S'-IS' long, its stalk 2"-8' in length, brown, erect ; pistillate spikes 3-4, 6"-lii' long, approximate or con- tiguous, sometimes the lowest distant, short peduncled or sessile, erect or ascending, densely flowered above, more or less loosely flowered and tapering at the base ; bracts leaf-like, usually sur- passing the culm; perigynia ovate, stipitate, lightly nerved, the upper third sometimes conspicuously empty and a little recurved, minutely pointed, one-third longer than the blunt, green and brown scale. "Well marked by its densely flowered, nearly aggregated, grayish green spikes, and by the usually empty points of the perigynia. Gravelly shores of lakes and streams. Adirondack mountains. July. Var. merens Howe, n. var. DilTers from the preceding in its longer, narrower, darker colored fertile spikes, the lowest usually short-pedunculate ; in its longer, wider bracts, H'-2^' longer than the culm ; in its elliptical perigynia, and in its longer scale which nearly covers the perigynium. / 53 KBPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 43. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Stems 2°-3° high, firm, erect, acutely triangular above, smooth ; leaves long, sometimes surpassing the culm, H"-2" wide, rough- margined, pale green or glaucous ; staminate spikes 1— i, the highest on a short stalk, I'-IJ' in length, the others shorter and sessile; usually 1 or more with a setaceous or filiform bract; pistillate spikes 3-5, sessile or the lowest short-pcduncled, approximate or subdistant, or the lowest remote, cylindrical or subclavate, the upper often staminate at the apex, i'-2' long, compactly flowered; bracts leafy, much surpassing the culm; perigynia broadly ovate or elliptical, nerveless, biconvex, minutely pointed or pointless, about the length of the narrow, obtuse, brown scale. Cold upland swamps and wet places. Not common. June, July. 44. Carex aperta Booit. Stems 20'-30' high, erect, triangular, rough above the middle ; leaves about 1|^" wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, the highest I'-H' long, short stalked, the other shorter and sessile, usually with a setaceous bract; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, the upper approximate and sessile, sometimes sterile at the apex, the lowest distant, short-peduncled, often staminate above, y"-15' long, densely flowered above, more loosely at the tapering base ; upper bract bristle-shaped, longer than the spike, the lowest leaf}', mostly shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, stipitate, nerveless, olive-brown, minutely dotted, with a small notched point, more or less spreading at maturity; scale dark brown, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, horizontally spreading, exceeding the perig3'nia. Rare. Essex county. July. This is Carex stricta var. decora I}ailei/ in the 0th edition of the Manual. 45. Carex stricta Lam. Stems 2°-3° high, erect, acutely triangular, rough above the middle; basal sheaths with DbriUoso margins, the fibrils either reticulated or parallel; leaves 1"-!^" wide, rough margined, more orlessinvolute whendry, glaucous-green, mostly shorter than the cubn; staminate spikes 1-3, i'~li' long, the highest on a stalk \ BBPOBT OF THK STATE BOTANIST. 53 ^'-1' iu length, the others smaller and sessile, usually with a scale- like or short setaceous bract ; pistillate spikes '2-5, ^'-2' long, the upper approximate, sessile, the lower subdistant or remote, short peduncletl, erect or spreading, cylindrical or clavate, densely flowered above the middle, more loosely at the usually tapering base, often barren at the summit ; bracts of the upper spikes short setaceous, of the lower ones leafy, and mostly shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate or elliptical, usually with two or three short nerves at the base, minutely pointed, of a creamy white color, often dashed with dark purple or sometimes wholly blackish purple ; scale narrowly oblong, obtuse, reddish or dark brown, about the length of the perigynium, or sometimes longer. A common species in wet places. May, June. It almost always grows in tufts. It is quite variable. Var. strictior Caret/. Pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate, or the lowest subdistant, densely flowered ; perigynia ovate, bright green, about the length of the acute rusty -brown scale. Yar. xerocarpa S. II. Wriyld. Slender; pistillate spikes 2-3, linear, more narrow than in the type, on liliform erect spreading or drooping peduncles A'-l' long; perigynia lenticular; scales mostly green with rusty brown points. A graceful variety about one half smaller than the type. Var. angustata Bailey. Pistillate spikes cylindrical, strict, 2'-3' long, densely flowered ; scales more acute, dark-brown or rust colored, often exceeding the perigynium. Var. curtissima Peclc n. var. Stems lS'-2-i' high, very slender, erect, rough, exceeding the narrow (^' wide) rough leaves; staminate spike with a minute one at its base, linear-clavate, 8"-10" long, short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2, ovoid or oblong, densely flowered, sterile at the a])ex, 3"-6" long, 8'-10' apart, sessile ; the lowest bract leaf -like, I'-U' in length, the uppermost setaceous; perigynia oval with a minute orifice, longer than the blunt brown scale. 46. Carex torta Booit. Stems 15'-30' high, erect or spreading, acutely angled, mostly smooth; basal sheaths short, brown, fibrillose, leaves l^'-6' or more long, l^"-2" wide ; staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, ■J'-l^' long, the terminal one short or long-stalked, the lowest sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-5, f '-2^' long, cylindrical, densely flow- 54 KEPOKT OF TUB 8TATB BOTANST. ered, or sometimes loosely flowered toward the base, often sterile at the apex, approximate, or subdistant, or even remote, the uppermost sometimes erect, the others spreading, recurved or drooping, all sessile or the lowest on short, slender peduncles; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest about equaling the culm, the others shorter or longer than their respective spikes ; perigynia lanceolate, thin, deep-green or olive-colored, nerveless, oblique and tortuous or recurved at the empty apex ; scale narrowly oblong obtuse or acute, a little shorter than the perigynium. Wet places, especially along streams. Common. June. 47. Carex crinita Lam. Stems 2°-4:° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above ; sheaths smooth, fibrillose at the base; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, i'-i" wide, hispid beneath and on the margins; staminate spikes 1-3, |'-3' in length, the longest on filiform stalks ^'-1' long, more or less recurved, or even pendulous ; pistillate spikes 3-5, 2'-4' long, cylindrical, curved, densely flowered, or loosely flow- ered and tapering at the base, sometimes staminate at the apex, approximate, all on filiform stalks i'-l^' long, recurved-spread- ing or pendulous ; lower bracts leafy, surpassing the culm, the upper short, filiform, longer or shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundobovate, stipitate, a little inflated, thin, faintly nerved or nerveless, with a conspicuous entire point ; scale brown, oblong, obtuse, with a rough, green awn, twice the length of the peri- gynium. Common in swamps, ditches and wet fields. June, July. A tall, robust, coarse-looking species, distinguished by its long, recurved or pendulous bristly fertile spikes. Var. minor Boott. This is every way smaller ; fertile spikes more compactly fruited, usually shorter peduncled, the upper less drooping ; scales with less conspicuous awns ; plant paler and of finer aspect. 48. Carex gynandra Schxe. Stems 2°-i° high, stout or slender, erect, rough on the angles and sheaths, those at the base fibrillose ; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, 2'-4" wide, hispid beneath and on the margins; staminate spikes 1-3, cylindrical, the terminal one on a filiform, curving peduncle 1' long, the others short-stalked or subsessile, BKPOET OF THE bTATE BOTANIST. 55 each with a scale like or brislle-form bract ; fertile spikes 3-6, subdensely flowered, 2'-4:' long tapering at the base, usually one or more sterile at the apex, all short-peduncled and recurved or drooping, the lower subtended by foliaceous bracts longer than the culm, the upper bracts filiform or setaceous and shorter than the stem ; perigynia oblong ovate, subinflated, nerveless or obscurely nerved, with a distinct entire point ; scale oblong, obtuse or lanceolate, with a long rough awn, twice or thrice the length of the perigynium. Separated from the last, to which it is closely related, by its hispid sheaths, soft fertile spikes, and by its ovate or oblong- ovate perigynia. Both specits often grow together and in both the staminate spike often bears a few perigynia. Stigmas 3; achenium triangular. Staminate spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 in 4^) ; fertile spikes 1-1, on slender drooping stalks; perigynia compressed-triangular with a few indistinct nerves : scales dark purple or brown. Perigynia oval or oblong-ovate, scale ovate, blunt or acute littoralis. Perigynia ovate, scale ovate-mucrouatc limosa. Perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, scale slender pointed M*gellanica. 49. Carex littoralis Schw. Stem 15'-2-t' high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth; leaves much shorter than the culm, I'-lJ " wide, stiff and erect, smooth ; staminate spike (rarely 2 or 3) subclavate, G'-IS" long, short-stalked, scales brown or blackisb-purple ; pistillate spikes 2-i, densely flowered, cylindrical, all usually staminate at the apex, subapproximate, the uppermost short-peduncled and sub- erect, the others on filiform drooping stalks 4'-9" long ; bracts sheathless, the upper setaceous or scale-like, the lower Isaf-like, shorter than the culm; perigynia compressed-oval, or oblong- ovate, lightly few-nerved, with a minute entire orifice, about the length of the obtuse or acute dark purjjlo scale. Wet places. Suffolk county. May. This species has not before been credited to our State. In the Manual, New Jersey is given as its northern limit. It is doubt- 56 BEFOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. ful if it will be found north of Long Island and Staten Island. Our specimens were collected near Islip. It is C. Barrattii, Sckw. and Ton:, in the 5th edition of the Manual. 50. Carex limosa Z. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely- angled, rough above the middle; leaves |"-1' wide, thick, some- times involute, rough-margined, shorter than the culm; staminate spike solitary, linear, I'-l^' in length, usually equaling its peduncle ; pistillate spikes 1-3, approximate or subdistant, ob- long or ovoid on recurved or drooping stalks ^'-V long, 10-20 subloosely flowered, often barren at the summit, I'-l' long, l^'-S' wide; bracts slender-setaceous, shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate or elliptical, nerved, light green, with a minute, entire point; scale lustrous brown, ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes cuspidate, as long and wide as the perigynium. Cold swamps and bogs. Eare except in the central and northern parts of the State. July. It bears some resemblance to C. castanea, but that species has pubescent leaves and lanceolate perigynia. Yar. radicalis Paine. Staminate spike terminal on the naked, erect stout culm ; pistillate spike single, drooping, on a filiform radical peduncle 4-9' long. Herkimer county. Paine. 51. Carex Magellanica Zam. Stems 10-20' high, slender, erect, a little rough on the angles above ; leaves mostlj" shorter than the culm, I'-l^" wide, erect, rough on the margins; staminate spike single, subclavate, i' long, its peduncle filiform and drooping; pistillate spikes 2-4, 1' in length, lu-21 subloosely fiowered, approximate, all on filiform drooping stalks |'-1' long; bracts leaf-like, the 2 lower usually surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, lightly nerved, pale green, with a minute entire point, one-half the length of the lanceolate, jiointed, dark purple scale, the latter a little divergent at maturity Cold sphagnous swamps, often in company with C. limosa. July. This handsome species may be identified bj"^ its short, mostly pendulous mottled spikes with long-pointed, dark-purple scales. KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 57 Spikes 2-4, oblong, ovoid or cylindrical, densely flowered, erect, 2"-5" broad or more, ^'-1' long, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, staminate and stalk-like at the base, the others all fertile or nearly so; bracts leaf-like, the lowest shorter or longer than the culm. Spikes brown f usca. Spikes greet], perigynia pubescent virescens. Spikes green, perigynia smooth triceps. 52. Carex fusca All. Stems 15'-30' high, erect, or sometimes curved at the summit, acutely angled, rough above; leaves subradical, 1' wide, shorter than the culm, rough-margined ; spikes 2-4, the terminal one staminate at the base, all approximate, or somewhat scattered, sesbile, erect, the upper ones with filiform or bristle-form bracts, the lowest short-peduncled or sometimes on a spreading stalk 1' long and subtended by a leafy bract 1-5' long, mostly densely flowered, oblong-ovoid or cylindrical, 3'-12" in length or more, 2J'-6" thick, dark-brown or mottled ; perigynia elliptical, prominently nerved, light green, with a minute, entire or slightly notched point, shorter than the lanceolate, cuspidate, dark-brown scale, the latter more or less divergent at maturity. (C. Buxbaumii Wa/d.) Bogs and wet places. Albany, Essex, Genesee and Seneca counties. June, July. The slender, mostly narked culms, and the short thick erect dark-colored or mottled spikes sufficiently distinguish this species. 53. Carex triceps Mx. Stems 12-20' high, stiff, scabrous above ; leaves about ihe length of the culm, 1"-1^" wide, erect, more or less pubescent, the sheaths densely hairy, pale-green ; spikes 3-4, the terminal stami- nate at its base, all contiguous, sessile or nearly so, erect, ovate, ovoid or oblong, 3 "-8" long, 2''-3" thick, densely flowered ; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest, and sometimes all, exceeding the culm, perigynia ovate, obtuse, nerved, smooth or hairy before maturity, longer than the ovate, acute, short-awned, variable scale. Drysoil in pastures copses and thin woods. Common. June. 8 58 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. This species is easily distinguished by its three or four short thick erect contiguous spikes, at first palegreen but turning brownish when old. 64. Carex virescens Muhl. Stems 12-30' high, slender, erect or sometimes spreading, rough near the summit; leaves pubescent, l"-li" wide, mostly tapering to a long filiform point, often equaling the culm ; spikes 2-5, the highest staminate at the base, all approximate or con- tiguous, ovoid or oblong, 4"-12" in length, about 2" thick, com- pactly flowered, all on short stalks, the lowest sometimes spreading; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate, prominently nerved, scabrous-pubescent, longer than, or equaling the ovate, mucronate scale. Similar to C. triceps in its place of growth and time of maturity. It is separated from it by the narrower and often longer spikes, and by its hairy perigynia. Var. costata Dew. Stems 20-30' high, spikes cylindrical, erect or slightly spreading ; perigynia strongly nerved or ribbed. Equally common with the type. Terminal spike pistillate at the summit, staminate below; fertile spikes 3-5, linear or cylindrical, on short, erect or long filiform peduncles, approximate, or the lowest sometimes distant, subdensely or loosely flowered ; perigynia oblong with a short, notched point, or obtuse and pointless. Spikes narrowly cylindrical, less than 2" wide 1 Spikes broadly cylindrical, 2" wide 2 1 S|iike8 loosely flowered, perigynia acute asstivalis. 1 Spikes densely flowered, perigynia obtuse gracillima. 2 Scale shorter than the perigynium f ormosa . 2 Scale as long as the perigynium Davisii. 55. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Stems I'-S" high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above the middle ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, I'-li" wide, sparsely hairv, bright green, sheaths pubescent ; staminate spike fertile at the summit, linear or clavate ; pistillate spikes 3-i, linear, erect or spreading, the up|)er 2 or 3 approximate, the ujipermost some- times sessile at the base of the staminate, the others short-stalked, EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 69 the lowest often distant or remote on a filiform spreading peduncle 1-2' long, loosely flowered ; bracts leaf}'^ or filiform, the lowest surpassing the culm; perigynia small, ^'' wide, ovate, acutish at each end, nerved, entire at the apex, twice longer than the ovate, hyaline scale ; achenium obovate, substipitate. Shaded soil in woods. Rare. July. Otsego county. This delicate carcx is distinguished from its near relatives by its slen- der, loosely-Jlowered, erect or spreading spikes and its hairy sheaths. 56. Car ex gracillima Sohw. Stems 1 8-30' high, erect, mostly smooth ; basal sheaths promi- nently librillose ; leaves shorter than the culm, V-J," wide, radical leaves tufted, 2"-3Y wide, rough, light green; staminate spike with or without pistillate flowers at the apex, linear; pistillate spikes 3-4, linear, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the lowest dis- tant, all drooping on filiform peduncles, subdensely flowered, or loosely flowered at the base; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest as long as the culm ; perigynia ovate, nerved, entire at the obtuse apex; scale ovate, obtuse, hyaline, one-half as long as the perigy- nium ; achenium oblong-obovate, apiculate. Woods and fields in moist or dry soil. Very common. June. Very rarely the lower spikes have 1 or more additional branches at the base. This species is well marked by the blackish purple, fibrillose basal sheaths, and the obtuse perigynia of the linear, subdensely- flowered, drooping spikes. A^ar. humulis Ballcij. A much reduced form with 2-12 flowered spikes and smaller perigynia. C. gracillima X pubescens Howe. Stems 15-30' high, stifi', rough; leaves U"-2y' wide, roughish and sometimes hairy, shorter than the culm ; spikes approximate or the lowest distant, sessile or stalked, erect; perigynia ovoid, hairy with a short bidentate beak, not unlike an abortive peri- gyniura of G. pubescens. (Botanical Gazette, Feb., 18bl, p. 1(39.) (C. Sullivantii Bi>otL) In a swampy meadow. Yonkers, "Westchester county. 1878. A similar hybrid, but one more closely resembling 0. gracil- lima, occurs in Albany and Greene counties, where it was detected by Mi'. C . L. Shear. 60 BEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. The terminal spike bears perigynia at its apex; the perigynia are smooth and the scale is acute or barely mucronate, not awned. In these respects it approaches C. gracillima more closely than it docs C. pubescens. This has been somewhat doubtfully con- sidered by Professor Bailey to be a hybrid between C. gracil- lima X itstivalis, but it is only necessary to suppose that in this case the prepotency lies with C, gracillima and in the other with G. pubescens to make both forms descendants of the same parent plants, as they probably are. 57. Carex formosa Dew. Stems 15-30' high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves short, the uppermost sometimes equaling the culm, \^"-1^" wide, slightly hispidly pubescent beneath, yellowish green ; spikes 2-5, the ter- minal with 6-8 perigynia at the apex, staminate below, long peduncled, the others subdistant or apjiroximate, secund, all on filiform recurved or drooping peduncles, subdensely flowered, with 2 or 3 empty scales at the base; bracts leafy or filiform, about equaling the culm ; perigynia ovate, turgid, nerved, thin, tapering to a short entire or minutely-notched beak ; scale ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, white or brownish, one-half as long as the perigynium. The spikes are ^'-1' long, and about 2" wide ; the perigynium 3" long and 1" wide, giving to the former a thick and heavy appearance, by which the species may be distinguished. Woods and wet places. Eare. June. Columbia, Oneida and Yates counties. 68. Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr. Stems l-J°-8° high, erect, rather stout, smooth or with a soft pubescence; leaves mostly equaling or exceeding the culm, li"-i" wide or more, clothed with a soft pubescence beneath, hispid on the veins and margins; spikes ;j-5, the terminal, pistil- late above, erect, the 2 upper fertile ones contiguous at the base of the sta'uiaato portion, subsossile or sliort-peduncled, the low- est distant or remote on a short, erect, or rarely long, spreading stulk i'-l^' long, densely flowered, S'-i' wide, light green, erect or somewhat spreading ; bracts leaf-like, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate, conspicuously nerved, turgid, taper- ing into a short bifid beak, about the length of the ovate obtuse awned scale. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANrST. 61 Wet meadows Not common. June. Oneida co-mty. The drooping of the lower spikes depends on the splitting of the long sheaths which, for a time at least, include their short peduncles. This species is conspicuously marked by its short, thick, mostly erect spikes and large turgid perigynia. Staminate spike club-shaped, long-ped uncled; fertile spikes 2-4, subapproximate or mostly remote, erect ; bracts shorter than the culm; perigynia oblong, ovate or obovate, b3akless except in 60. Upper spikes appproximate or nearly so 1 Upper spikes not approximate 2 1 Perigynia oblong, lightly nerved or nerveless lividn. 1 Perigynia with impressed nerves conoidea. 2 Sheaths dilated vaginata. 2 Sheaths not dilated 3 3 Leaves and bracts l" wide, shorter than the culm tetaniea. 3 Leaves and bracts I'-l^^' wide, nearly equaling the culm . Crawei. 59. Carex Crawei Dew. Stoloniferous; stems 6-12' high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth ; leaves short, sometimes equaling the culm, 1"-!^" wide, smooth, rough-margined ; staminate sj) ke clavate ^'-1' in length on a stiff, erect stalk l'-2' long, sometimes with 1 or more short additional ones at or near its base, and sometimes with a few fer- tile (lowers at the apex; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, densely llowered, 6"-!)" long, distant or remote, sometimes the lowest sub- radical on a short exserted stalk ; bracts leafy, sheathing, about equaling the culm; perigynia ovate, lightly nerved, slightly turgid, roughish, tapering to a small entire point, longer than the ovate, cuspidate scale. Limestone soil. Rare. June, July. Genesee, Herkimer and Jefferson counties. Distinguished by its low stature, creeping root-stock, and densely flowered distant dull brown nearly sessile spikes. 60. Carex livida WiM. Stems 6-18' high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, ^"-1" wide, flat or involute, stiff, rough margined; staminate spike cj'^lindrical, acute, ^'-1' in length, on a stiff stalk ■^'-1' long ; pistillate spikes 1-2, contiguous, rarely a third sub- 62 EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. radical one, short oblong or cylindrical, ^'-J' long, 15-20 loosely flowered, sessile ; bracts small, leafy or setaceous, scarcely' equal- ing the culm; perigynia ovoid-oblong, lightly nerved, pale green, tapering to a small, straight, entire point, a little exceeding the ovate, light brown scale. Cold swamps. Very rare. June, July. Oneida and Herkimer counties. 61. Carex vaginata Taicsch. Stoloniferous ; stems 10-24' high, mostlj' weak and diffuse, smooth ; leaves subradical, half the length of the culm, iV-i," wide, smooth, slightly rough on the margin, radical leaves tufted, nearly as long as the culm, 2"-3" wide ; staminate spike clavate, or ovoid- oblong and acute, erect or oblique, i'-f long, its stalk f'-li' in length, or more ; ))istillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, 4—10 loosely or 12-15 compactly flowered, ^'-^' or more long, on exserted, filiform erect or drooping peduncles ti'-H' ii length, the latter partly included in the conspicuously dilated sheaths of the short leafy bracts ; perigynia oblong-ovate, nerved, tapering to a short round oblique-notched beak, longer than the ovate acute or obtusish thin brown scale. Swampy places. Very rare or local. June. Genesee county. This rare species is conspicuously marked by its dilated sheaths and round-beaked perigynia. It stands under the name C. Saltuensis Bailey in the sixth edition of the Manual. 62. Carex tetanica Schk. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, rough at the summit ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm ; ^"-1" wide, stiff, flat or involute above, roughish on the margins, bright green or glaucous; staminate spike clavate or cylindrical 4^-1' in length, on a slender, mostly erect peduncle 2'-4' long, light brown; pis- tillate spikes 1-3, remote, loosely flowered, cylindrical, usually with a tapering base, 4'-l' in length ; the uppermost short- stalked or nearly sessile, the lower on slender, erect or spread- ing peduncles J^'-3J'long; bracts foliaceous, much shorter than the culm ; perigynia triangular-obovoid, prominently nerved, abruptly contracted into a short curved entire point, longer than the ovate obtuse, sometimes mucronate or cuspidate thin white and brown scale; achenium short-obovate, tricostate, with a short, bent style. KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 63 "Wet swampy places. Eare. June. Cayuga, Seneca and Jefferson counties. This is distinguished from its congeners by the long peduntled spikes and obovoid, nerved perigynia. Var. Woodii B dley is a lax form growing in deep shade and having longer spreading leaves and shorter fewer flowered fertile spikes. 63. Carex conoidea Schk. Stems 12-20' high, stiff, rough above ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1" wide, rough margined ; staminate spike ^'-1' long, clavate, long or short-peduncled, erect, light brown ; pistil- late spikes 1-3, G"-0" long, subdensely flowered, the upper 2 appro.ximate or distant, short stalked or sessile, the lowest remote on a spreading or erect peduncle ^'-1^' long ; bracts foliaceous, usually shorter than the culm ; perigynia oblong-conic with impressed nerves, and a short straight or curved entire point, about the length of the ovate rough-awned scale, the latter more or less divergent at maturity ; achenium obovate, apiculate. Moist meadows and grassy places. Common. June. This is easily recognized by the shape and nerving of the perigynia. Fertile spikes 2-C, erect on exserted stalks or the uppermost sessile, approximate or the lower distant; bracts leaf-like, exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong or pyriform, obtuse, nerved (obscurely in 6i and 65). Perigj'nia obscurely nerved 1 Perigynia distinctly nerved 2 1 Perigynia oblong pallescens. 1 Perigynia pyriform aurea. 2 Perigynia oblong-ovate, \\" long glaucodea. 3 Perigynia oblong, 2" long grisea. 64. Carex pallescens L. Stems 6-24' high, slender, mostly erect, hispid on the angles near the spikes, smooth below; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, l"-\\" wide, rough-margined, slightly pubescent on the sheaths ; staminate spike often clavate, 4''-8" long, short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, densely flowered, ^"-& long, con- 64 BEPOET OF THE 8TATB BOTANIST. tiguous, the uppermost sessile, the others on short peduncles, erect or spreatling ; bracts leafy, sheathless, often transversely wrinkled at the base, exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong, faintly nerved, pointless, as long as the pointed scale. Fields and grassy places. Common. June. The species is well marked by the somewhat clustered, short- peduncled, fertile spikes, and the oblong obscurely-nerved point- less perigynia. 65. Carex aurea Nutt. Stems 3-18' high, slender, erect or subprocumbent, smooth below, roughish above ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm (or exceeding it in pigmy forms) i"-l" wide, smooth, slightly rough on the margins, bright green ; staminate spike clavate, 3"-S" long, sessile and inconspicuous, or stalked and manifest ; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, 3"-9" long, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile or subsessile, erect or slightly spreading, the lower subdistant, on slender peduncles i'-l" in length, suberect or spreading, some- times a subradical spike is present on a long, suberect peduncle ; bracts leaf-like, sheathing, exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovoid or pyriform, nerved, thick, yellowish or golden brown at matur- ity, obtuse at the apex, longer than the ovate, acute ormucronate scale ; stigmas 2 or 3, achenium lenticular, apiculate. "Wet springy ground and banks of streams. June, July. This interesting and infrequent species may be distinguished by its small pyriform yellowish-brown perigynia and lenticular achenia. 66. Carex glaucodea Tuckm. Stems 6-20' high, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves mostly subradical, usually shorter than the culm, \^"-V wide, rough at the extremities, smooth on the lower half, glaucous or pale green ; staminate spike subclavate, B'-O" long, sessile, sometimes incon- spicuous; pistillate spikes 2-4, subdensely flowered, perfectly cylindrical, *'-!' long, the upper 2 usually approximate, the lower on ere3t, exserted stalks ^'-l' in length, or the lowest remote on a filiform spreading or recurved peduncle 2-5' long, glaucous, turning to a dull brown ; bracts like the leaves, sheathing, all but the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong ovate, numer- ously finely nerved, of a thick or leathery texture, tapering to an acutish, entire or notched apex, about twice longer than the EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 65 ovate, acute or cuspidate scale; achenium obovate; style even (not tumid), curved or abruptly bent at the base. Thin woods and moist places. Rare. June, July. Cayuga and Dutchess counties. This species may be separated from C. grisea, which it resem- bles, by its shorter stems and leaves, its more cylindrical spikes, and shorter perigynia, and by its curved styles. 67. Carex grisea Wahl. Stems 1°-2|° high, firm, usually somewhat robust, smooth, or sometimes roughish at the summit ; leaves slightly hispid on the upper surface, smooth beneath, l|"-3" wide, the highest exceeding the culm, pale green ; staminate spike 3 "-9" long, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, thick, loosely or subloosely flowered, ^'-V in length, the upper 2 usually contiguous, the upi>ermost sessile, the others more or less distant on stiff, erect peduncles i'--l' lono- light green or fading to tawny; bracts leafy, sheathing, erect- spreading, or the upper divergent, much longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, turgid, finely nerved, about the length of the ovate, cuspidate or rough-awned scale ; achenium obovate, sometimes apiculate, with a straight, tumid or bulbous-thickened style. Moist ground and grassy places. Common. June. This species frequently forms tufts. Its straight, tumid or bulbous-thickened style articulates at or slightly above its base. A slender narrow-leaved form occurs whijh closely approaches and which perhaps is referable to Var. angustifolia Boott. Leaves and bracts alike, sheathing, conspicuously thin, the latter exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovoid or ovate-triquetrous, finely striate or nerved, distinctly beaked, shorter than the tri- nerved, pointed or rough-awned scale. Spikes 3-8 flowered, sheaths smooth oligocarpa. Spikes 3-10 flowered, sheaths pubescent Hitchcockiana. 68. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Stems 6'-] 8' high, slender, erect or somewhat diffuse, rough on fae upper portion ; leaves short, or sometimes equaling the culm, about 1" wide, slightly rough on the veins beneath and margins; 9 66 EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. stamiaate spike linear or subclavate, subsessile or on a stalk ^-1' in length ; pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous or distinct, shortpeduncalate or sessile, the others distant or remote on stalks ^'-l^' long, all erect, loosely 3-8 flowered on a flexuous rachis; bracts with smooth sheaths, thin, longer than the culm; perigynia obovoid-triangular, with a distinct straight or slightly oblique beak, shorter than the rough pointed or awned scale • achenium obovate, apiculate ; style tumid above the minute persistent base. Woods and shady places. Rare in the eastern part of the State, occasional elsewhere. June. This species is distinguished by its thin, narrow foliage, few and loosely flowered spikes, nearly straight-beaked striate peri- gynia, and tri-nerved awned scale. 69. Carex Hitchcockiana Dew. Stems l°-'2° high or more, erect or spreading, rough, or smooth below ; leaves short, or the upper equaling the culm, I'-IV wide, thin, more or less hispidly pubescent; staminate spike linear or subclavate, i'-l' in length, on a slender, erect peduncle i'-lA' long ; pistillate spikes 2-4-, loosely 3-10 flowered on a flexuous rachis, the upper two approximate, mostly on included stalks or the highest sessile, the lower distant or remote on erect, slightly- exserted peduncles ; bracts and sheaths roughly pubescent, the former mostly surpassing the culm ; perigynia oval or obovate, obtusely triangular, striate-nerved, 2" long, with an abrupt or tapering oblique recurved truncate beak, a little shorter than the broad tri nerved rough-awned white scale; achenium and style like the last. Woods. Rare in the eastern part of the State. June, July This may be distinguished from the preceding species by its pubescent sheaths, rougher foliage, shorter-stemmed fertile spikes, and by its perigynia, which have a conspicuously oblique or recurved beak. Var. tri flora Peck n. var. More slender, with the fertile spikes 1-3 flowered. Collected on Mt. Defiance. June. Pistfllate spikes 2-6, more or less flexuous, the upper 2 con- tiguous or approximate, sessile or nearly so, the rest scattered BKPOET OF THE BTATB BOTANIST. 67 and stalked, or sometimes all subdistant ; bracts mostl}' exceed- ing the culm; perigynia obtusely angled, prominently nerved and having an abruptly bent or recurved rarely straight beak. Lower or radical leaves 8" broad or more albursina. Lower leaves less than 8" broad 1 1 Pistillate spikes densely flowered, perigynia ovate. .. . granulans. 1 Pistillate spikes subdensely or loosely flowered ....... 2 2 Upper spikes usually contiguous, the sterile subsessile, blanda. 2 Upper spikes rarely contiguous, the sterile stalked . . 3 3 Spikes subloosely flowered, brpcts shorter than the culm, styloflexa. 3 Spikes loosely flowered, bracts longer than the culm. . laxiflora. 70 . Carex laxiflora Lam. Stems l°-2° high, erect or spreading, triangular, smooth ; leaves mostly subradical, short, U"- 4" wide, smooth e.xcept on the margins, the radical often wider and half as long as the culm ; staminate spike linear or clavate, ^'-1' long, conspicuously stalked or subsessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely flowered on a flexuous rachis ^'--1' in length, the uppermost (rarely 2) sessile or short-stalked at the base of the sterile, the others subdistant or the lowest remote, all on erect, exserted peduncles J'-H' lono-; bracts leafy, short-sheathed, shorter or slightly longer than the culm; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, with a straight or slightly recurved beak, exceeding the ovate, obtuse, mostly mucro- nate white scale. A subradical spike on a slender, flattened peduncle 2'~2^' in length is not rare. Woods, ravines and open places. Common. June. Yar. varians Bailey has stouter culms and broader leaves than the type, the fertile spikes a little closer flowered, the upper 2 mostly contiguous to the sterile, the highest sessile, bracts often longer than the culm, the perigynia less strongly nerved. Var. patulifolia Carey differs from the type chiefly in its broader root leaves, 5"- 7" wide, and in the usually longer bracts, equaling or surpassing the culm. Very common iu damp shades and ravines. Ma}', June. 7 1 . Carex styloflexa Buckley. Stems 12'-18' high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth, leaves 2' -i' loiig, 1" wide, the radical longer and 1"- 1^" wide ; staminate 68 BEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. spike about i' long on a slender, smooth stalk ^'--|' in length ; scales oblong, blunt, light brown ; pistillate spikes 2-4:, i'-4' in length, 5-10 subloosely flowered, scattered, all but the highest stalked, the lowest usually on a filiform recurved peduncle; bracts mostly shorter than the culm; perigynia obovate, lightly nerved, with a straight or recurved beak, longer than the ovate acute brown scale. Grassv places. Eare. June. Albany and Cattaraugus counties. This has been regarded by some as a variety of the preceding species, but it is easily separated by its short spikes. 72. Carex blanda Dew. Stems 8'-20' high, erect, triquetrous, rough on the angles; leaves l^'-S" wide, rough above the middle, equaling or shorter than the culm ; staminate spike clavate, i'-Q" long, sessile or on a stalk -^'-1' long ; pistillate spikes 3-4, S°-d" long, subdensely flowered, the upper 2 usually contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so, the lower pedunculate, erect, or the lowest remote on a setaceous peduncle 2'-3' long, suberect or recurved; bracts leafy, mostly exceeding the culm; perigynia obovate, with a long or short tapering base, prominently nerved, terminating in a short recurved or abruptly bent beak, longer than the ovate, acute or mucronate white scale, more or less diverging at maturity. Woods and fields. Very common June. Rarely among the large forms 1 or 2 of the lower spikes are compressed ; occasionally there is but 1 spike, stalked or sessile and contiguous to the staminate, in which case the latter is usually long-peduncled, exceeding the bracts. This species has been considered by some as a variety of C. laxiflora to which it is joined in the Manual, but its short dense pistillate spikes and commonly short sessile staminate spike give it such a distinct aspect that it may be distinguished at a glance. 73. Carex albursina iSheld. Stems 12'-20' high, erect or spreading, flaccid below, acutely triangular and somewhat winged above, smooth; stem leaves 2'-6' long, l^'-S" wide, the radical longer, 8"-15" broad, smooth; staminate spike linear, S'-IS" in length, mostly sessile and often KEPOET OF THB STATE BOTAmST. 69 inconspicuous ; pistillate spikes cylindrical, loosely flowered on a slightly flexuous rachis |'-1' long, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous to the staminate and sessile or nearly so, the lowest on a filiform peduncle l'-2' long, all erect or slightly spreading ; bracts leafy, 2"-4:" broad, acuminate, the lowest much exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical or obovate, nerved, U"-2 " long, half as broad, with a short recurved beak, twice the length of the obtuse mucronate white scale. Rich moist soil in woods and shaded places. Not common. June. Albany, Cayuga and Jefferson counties. This species was separated from C. laxiflora, to which it was formerly joined as Var. latifolia Boott, because of its broad leaves and bracts and its short sessile staminate spike. Its large perigynia also confirm the validity of its separation. The fruit of this and the three precedmg species shells easily, and the specimens should be collected while it is yet scarcely mature. 74. Carex granularis Muhl. Stems 10-24' high, mostly erect, smooth ; leaves short, usually much shorter than the culm, l"-i" wide, smooth, rough near the apex, sheaths prominently glaucous; staminate spike subclavate, ^'-1' long, sessile or short^peduncled, often inconspicuous ; pistil- late spikes 2-5, cylindrical, compactly flowered, ^'-1' in length, the upper 2 mostly contiguous to the staminate spike, sessile or slightly stalked, the others more or less distant on exserted peduncles ^'-2' long, erect or the lowest spreading, or rarely on a filiform drooping stalk 3' long ; bracts leafy, rough, the lower sheathing, exceeding the culm; perigynia round-ovate or oblong- conical, prominently nerved, slightly turgid with a short bent entire or notched apex, nearly twice longer than the ovate pointed thin white scale; achenium obovate, minutely dotted, tipped with the abruptly bent style. "Wet or moist ground in meadows and grassy places. Common. June. It is distinguished by the dense, cylindrical fertile spikes, and the strongly-nerved perigynia. Var. recta Dew. is usuall}^ smaller, the spikes less densely flow- ered, the perigynia with a straight acute or acuminate point. 70 EKPOHT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Stamiaate spike clavate, peduaculate; pistillate spikes 2-4^ short-cylindrical, 3-9 loosely or subloosely flowered, all on exserted erect or spreading filiform stalks, the lowest often sub- radical or even radical; bracts leafy, sheathed, shorter or longer than the culm ; perigynia acutely triangular, finely and closely nerved, with a short recurved or sometimes obsolete point ; scale thin, white or brown. Pistill ite spikes pendulous; leaves 2"-5" broad laxiculmis. Pistillate sjjikes erect-spreadiag, leaves 1 "-1|" broad digitalis. 75. Carex digitalis Willd. Stems 6'-lS' high, slender, almost capillary, erect or at length spreading, smooth; leaves about the length of the culm 1"-1^''' wide, rough-raai'gined, bright green; staminate spike C"-9" long, its stalk i'-2^' in length ; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely 6-9 flow- ered, the highest subsessile or long-peduncled, the lower sub- distant or remote on filiform spreading peduncles l'-2^' in length or more, the lowest sometimes pendulous ; bracts leafy, sheathing, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia triangular-elliptical, finely nerved, with a short, obliquely bent point, nearly twice longer than the acute white scale. "Woods and ravines. Not very common. June. The species is known by its narrow, 3-veined leaves and the small triangular perigynia. It usually grows in tufts. 76. Carex laxiculmis Schw. Stems 10-20' high, slender, suberect or prostrate, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, l^'-S" wide, conspicuously 3-veined, glaucous, rough on the margins ; staminate spike clavate, 6"-10" long, sometimes subtended by a slender green bract 2"-5" in length, mostly long-peduncled, exceeding the leaf- like sheathing bracts ; pistillate spikes 3"-G" long, densely 3-8- flowercd, all except the subsessile highest one on drooping fili- form peduncles li'-2^' long ; perigynia triquetrous, elliptical, densely nerved, with a short oblique or curved point, exceeding the ovate, obtuse or pointed brown or white scale. (C. retro- cur va Dew.) Thin woods and copses. Common. June. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. '71 The broad glaucous leaves and drooping spikes on long fili- form peduncles characterize this species. There is a late form (Forma serotina) in which the new growth develops fruit soon after the old fruit has matured. In it the s.aminate spike is inconspicuous or abortive, and the pistillate spikes are erect and on peduncles much shorter than usual. Staminate spikes clavate; pistillate 2-5, erect, mostly on in- cluded stalks; bracts about the length of their long sheaths or obsolete ; perigynia acutely angled, finely nerved (obscurely in 80) with a short recurved or straight beak ; leaves radical, prom- inently 3-ribbed (narrow and 1-veined in 80). Leaves narrow, l-veined pedunculata. Leaves Sribbed, bracts conspicuous 1 Bracts obsolete, sheaths purple plantaginea. 1 Leaves 2"-5" broad, dark green Careyana. 1 Leaves 3''-12" broad, whitish-green platyphylia. 77. Carex Careyana Torr. Stems l°-2° high, erect-spreading, smooth ; leaves rough be- neath or smooth throughout, 2"-5" wide, shorter than the culm, dark green; staminate spike clavate, 5"-l0" in length, its stalk i'-l' long, usually with a scale-like or slender green bract, scales purplish or brown ; pistillate spikes 2-3, loosely 2-S fiowered, the uppermost sessile at the base of the sterile, the others scat- tered, sometimes the lowest remote on a partly included stalk I'-iy long; bracts leafy, as long as their sheaths; perigynia acutely triangular-ovate, 2"-2^" long, closely nerved, with an oblique or recurved beak, twice the length of the ovate, acute or mucronate purple-brown scale. Woods and ravines. Rare. May. Cayuga, Genesee and Jefferson counties. 78. Carex platyphylia Carei/. Stems 8'-15' high, slender, erect, at length widely spreading, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm or rarely exceeding it, ^'-1' broad, smooth, glaucous or whitish green ; staminate spike 4"-lo" long, its peduncle J'-l' in length or rarely subsessile, usually with a scale like or bristle-shaped bract ; pistillate spikes 2-3, 2-10 loosely fiowered, scattered, all erect on included stalks; 72 KKPORT OF THK STATE BOTANIST. bracts leafy, about twice the length of the spikes ; perigynia ovoid, acutel}' angled, closely nerved, with a recurved, entire or notched beak. IV long, a little longer than the pointed brown scale. Woods, hillsides and ravines. Common. June. This species is easily recognized by its broad pale or glaucous leaves, conspicuous leaf-like bracts and short, loose, few-flowered spikes . 79. Carex plantaginea Zam. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, at length spreading or pros- trate, smooth ; basal bracts 4-7, acute, dark purple ; leavps shorter than the culm, ^'-1' broad or more, smooth, prominently 3-ribbed ; staminate spike subclavate, acute at each end, V in length, its stalk 5"-ir>" long, with dark purple scales; pistillate spikes 3 4, 3-10 loosely flowered, |'-|' long, distant, erect on included peduncles, or the lowest subradical on an exserted stalk l'-2' in length; bracts 2"-4" long, acuminate or bristle-tipped, purple, with dark purple sheaths i'-l' long or more ; perigynia triangular ovate, flnely nerved, with a short recurved beak, 2"-2^" long, a lit'le exceeding the ovate, acute, purple-pointed scale . Shaded banks, hillsides, copses and open woods. Infrequent. May, June. This is a very distinct species, recognizable at a glance by its broad radical leaves and its purplish sheaths, bracts and scales. 80. Carex pedunculata J^/^/i^. Stems 3'-12' long, slender, diffuse, smooth ; basal bracts purple with acute green points; leaves flat, 1"-U" wide, rough beneath, stiff, longer than the culm ; staminate spike cylindrical or ovoid, sessile, obtuse or acute, 2''-3" long, with dark purple scales; fertile spikes 2 -i, 3-8 subdensely flowered, slightly staminate at the apex, 2"-4" in length, the uppermost sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others subdistant on stalks V-1' ^ong, suberect or spreading, radical spikes numerous, prostrate on filiform peduncles 2'~(!' long; bracts inconspicuous, green, about the length of the sheaths; perigynia triangalar-obovate, minutely downy or smooth, with a long tapering base and a short recurved minutely notched beak, smaller than the broadly obovate awned or cuspidate purplish scale. REPOBT OF THE 6TA.7E BOTAHIST. 73 Woods and banks. Common. May, June. This species is characterized by its commonly prostrate growth, inconspicuous bracts and concealed fruit. It inhabits chiefly dry shaded situations, but is found in meadows, on banks, and amongst shrubbery in rocky places. Pistillate spikes 3-4, few flowered, on erect or drooping partly included stalks ; bracts obsolete or as long as their respective sheaths; perigynia minute, oblong, obscurely nerved, with a bent or straight beak ; olive-brown at maturity ; leaves short, setaceous or about 1" wide. Leaves subradical, not setaceous capillaris. Leaves radical, setace ons eburnea. 81 . Carex capillaris L. Stems capillary, 4-12' high, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm, 1" wide or less, rough on the margins, the radical ones numerous, flat, soft, often involute when old ; staminate spike clavate, 2"-3" long, its stalk 3"- 9" in length ; pistillate spikes 2-3, scattered, the uppermost usually erect and equaling the staminate spike, the lower on drooping peduncles 3"- 12" long; bracts leaf- like, as long as their respective sheaths or more, the lowest usually exceeding its spike; perigynia oblong, 1"-U"in length, nerveless, 2-ribbed, slightly turgid, somewhat thin in texture, olive brown, with a slender, entire roughish beak about twice the length of the ovate obtuse brown scale ; acheuium narrowly obovoid. Wet places. Local. Cortland county. 82. Carex eburnea /?oo«. Stoloniferous ; stems 5'-12' high, capillary, but firm and erect, smooth; leaves bristle-shaped, recurved-spreading, rough above the middle, shorter than the culm; staminate spike linear, 3"-5" long, sessile or slightly peJuncled between the more elevated and conspicuous pistillate spikes, acute at each end, the brown scales often partly concealed by the scarious sheaths ; pistillate spikes 2-4, 2-6 densely flowered, l"-2" long, approximate on slender stalks 4"-8" in length, sonielimes the lowest distant ; sheaths scarious, white with a tinge of brown at the base; perigynia 10 74 KEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. triangular obovate, obscurely nerved, smooth, olive-brown, shin- ing, with a minute round beak, longer than the ovate obtuse or acutish light-brown scale. Thin soil on or about limestone ledges. June. A very small species, but one easily known by its setaceous leaves and its very small erect pistillate spikes surpassing the staminate one. Plant dioecious ; staminate and pistillate spikes of the same size and color ; bracts, when present, scale-like or setaceous, sheathless ; perigynia dark purple, densely hairy, with a short, entire beak ; scales blackish purple. 83. Carex scirpoidea Mx. Stoloniferous ; stems 6'-15' high, slender, erect, smooth : basal bracts dark purple, acute or obtuse; leaves subradical, stiff, mostl}'^ much shorter than the culm, 1" wide, smooth ; staminate spike subclavate, ^'-V in length with a small greenish tri-nerved cuspidate bract and dark purple scales; pistillate spikes \'-V long, densely flowered ; bracts setaceous, sheathless ; perigynia ovate, very hairy, gradually tapering to a short entire or notched beak, mostly covered by the acutish blackish-purple ciliate scale. Thin soil covering rocks. Adirondack mountains. July. Plant mona'cious; staminate s))ikeclavate,sessileorshort-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-5, globular-ovoid, oblong or cylindrical, sessile or short-stalked, the upper 2 contiguous or approximate, or all distinct and the lowest subdistant, each subtended by a scale-like or green bract, the lowest often by a leafy one i'-2i' long ; perigynia subrotund, oval or elliptical, obtusely or acutely angled, mostly densely pubescent, abruj)tly contracted into a slender bifid beak ; scale ovate, commonly brown or purplish, equaling or shorter than the perigynia. Plant pubescent pubescens. Plant gl.abrous 1 1 Pistillate Bpikes on short stems, umbellately clustered, umbellata. 1 Pistillate spikes not umbellately clustered 2 2 Br.ict8 sheatbing, puqilish Richardsonii. 2 Bracts not sheathing 3 3 Staminate spike a" long or less 4 3 Staminate spike more than 3" long 6 KEPt.Er OF THE STATE BOTANIST, 75 4 Culms weak, recurved or reclining 5 4 Culms erect or spreading Peckii. 5 Radical spikes present deflexa. 5 Radical spikes wanting Emmonsii. 6 Staminate spike about ^" wide, the lowest pistillate spike with a long slender green bract Novse-Angliaa. 6 Staminate spike more than y wide 7 7 Plant stoloniferoua, scales of pistillate spikes com- monly brown or purplish Pennsylvanica. 7 Plant not stoloniferous, scales of pistillate spikes commonly greenish or tawny varia. 84. Carex umbellata Schk. Stems 2'-'i' high, erect, growing in dense tufts from strong fibrous roots, somewhat stoloniferous; leaves 2'-10' long, about 1" wide, flat, or sometimes involute, rough, stiff, erect or spread- ing ; staminate spike clavate, |'- 1' in length, rarely with a pistillate spike at its base ; pistillate spikes in clusters of 2 or 3 on stems y -2' long ; usually level topped, 3 -8 flowered ; perigynia ovoid or triangular-obovate, nerveless, lightly pubescent, green or turn- ing to brownish with age, with an abrupt flattish bidentate beak, usually covered by the ovato pointed scale. Dry or sandy soil and rocky i)laces. Common. May, June. The urabel-like clusters of pistillate spikes suggest the name of this species. They are often half concealed by the leaves. Var. vicina Dew. A form with 1 or '2 fertile spikes at the base of the sterile spike. It is found with the typical form. 85. Carex Pennsylvanica Lat7i. Stoloniferous ; stems 6-18' high, slender, erect or spreading, rough or smooth, basal sheaths purplish or dull brown, tibrillose; leaves mostly about the length of the culm but sometimes ex- ceeding it, i"-l|-" wide, rough-margined, bright or dull green, erect or diffuse ; staminate spike club shaped, 5"-y" long, usually sessile, scales oblong obtuse or pointed, brown, or blackish brown ; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 3, globular or oblong, densely or loosely flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile, the lowest 2"-6" distant, sessile or slightly stalked, bracts scale-like acute or 76 EBPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. bristle-tipped, or sometimes the lowest leaf like and 9"-! 8' in length; perigynia subrotund or obovate, obtusely angled, densely or lightly pubescent, indistinctly nerved, abruptly contracted at the base, and nirrowe I above into a short bifid beili, covered by the ovato acute or acuminate, dark purplish or light brown scale. Dryish soil in woods, copses or open places. Very common. May, June. Var. separans Peck. Pistillate spikes 1-3, usuall}' 2, the upper- most approximate to the short-stalked dark-brown sterile spike, the lowest 5"-10" distant; perigynia with a longer and more slender beak ; otherwise like the type (Var. distans. Report 46, p. 51). Along or within the borders of woods. Jefferson and Otsego counties. June. Var. gracilifolia Peck, n. nom. Leaves long and slender, ^"-f" wide, sometimes slightly involute and almost capillarv, about equaling or sometimes considerably surpassing the slender culm. (Var. angustifolia I. c.) Light or sandy soil in woods or open places. It often grows in tufts. This variety*is common on Long Island. May. Because of the frequent previous use of the varietal name under which this plant was published it is thought best to give it a new name. Var. glumabunda Peck, n. var. Stems 8'-lS' high, rather weak and often somewhat drooping, frequently growing in definite tufts; pistillate spikes mostly short and sessile as in the type, but sometimes the lowest 3"-8" long, conspicuously stalked or on a capillary peduncle 2'-S' long which issues from the axil of the uppermost leaf, the others near the staminate spike and contiguous to each other or the lower sometimes 4"-6" distant, these occasionally sterile and acute at the apex ; scales conspicu. ously brown or blackish brown, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sharp- pointed or cuspidate, longer than the perigynia and widely spreading at maturity. (Forma paleacea in part, 1. c.) Sandy soil. Albany and Suffolk counties. Very rarely a second long-peduncled spike issues from the axil of one of the lower leaves. In all these varieties the bract of the lowest sessile spike is sometimes longer than its spike and green or foliaceous. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 77 86. Carex varia Muhl. Stems 6-18' high, rather stout, erect or spreading, roughish above the middle ; basal bracts bright purple, fibrillose ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, l"-2" wide, rough ; staminate spike clavate, 4:"-12" long, sessile or short-stalked, tawny or brown ; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually 3, globular or oblong, sessile or sometimes the lowest short-peduncled, all separate or the upper 2 occasionally contiguous, each with a scale like bract or the lower 2 subtended by leaf like bracts i'-2' long; perigynia sub- rotund or obovate, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak, covered by the ovate, pointed, pale-greenish, whitish or tawny-brown scale. (C. communis Bailey, Gray's Man., 6th ed.) It is noteworthy that the smallest plants often have the long staminate spikes, and commonly the tall plants the short spikes which are i"-G" long. In his description of this species Muhlen- berg remarks, " variat spica mascula abbreviata etelongata." No other species in this group is known to have such a variable staminate spike. In some of its forms C. Pennsylvanica approaches this species, but the absence of creeping rootstocks, the paler scales of the pistillate spikes and the more constant green foliaceous bract of the lowest spike will distinguish this plant. The scale of the pistillate spike is often entirely whitish or scarious except the green midrib. The species is found chiefly in hilly or rocky places in loose or gravelly soil. It seems to avoid sandy soil. It matures its fruit in May and June. The name C. varia Muld. formerly applied to this species was referred by Prof. Bailey to C. Eramonsii Dew., and in its place he substituted C. communis Bailey. This name was discarded in the List of Plants of Northeastern North America, and C. pedi- cellata Brltton adopted in its stead. 87. Carex Eminonsii Bew. Stems capillary, 3'-15' high, suberect or procumbent, smooth; basal sheaths dull purplish-brown, mostly green at the extremi- ties, slightly fibrillose ; leaves lax, about \" wide or more, flat, rough-margined, shorter than the culm or sometimes surpassing it; staminate spike slender, subclavate, sessile about 3" long, 78 BEPOHT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. acute or obtuse, commonly pale, but dark brown in the variety; pistillate spikes 2-4, ovoid, sessile, the upper 2 contiguous, the other distinct, densely 3-S flowered, each with a scale-like bract, the lowest often bristle-tipped, or rarely leaf like ; perig\mia tri- angular-ovxl, pubescent, with a long slender base, contracted above into a narrow, oblique, bifid beak, usually about the length oC the body; scale ovate-oblong, pointed, whitish, barely tinged with brown, as long as the perigynium. Commonly in dry places but sometimes in low wet soil. Com- mon. May, June. The sjiecies is easily recognized by its weak reclining or pros- trate stems, contiguous or approximate pistillate spikes and short, narrow, sessile, staminate spike. Yar. distincta Howe n. va?: Light or glaucous green ; stam- inate spike linear V wide, 2"~5" long; pistillate spikes distinct, 2*-5" apart, the lowest with a green bract 2-i times the length of the spike, 3-5 flowered ; perigynia obovoid, minutely pubescent, with a rather short, straight or oblique bifid beak, about the length of the acute white scale. This variety seems to be intermediate between the type and C. Novaj-Anglia;. Var. colorata. Differs from the type onl}' in its dark purple scales, which give a much darker color to the spikes than in the type. Common in Westchester county. It is C. variail/^K/(Z. var. colorata Builey in the Manual. 89. Carex Novae-Angliae Schw. Stoloniferous ; stems 4'-12' high, slender, diffuse or erect, slightly rough above the middle, usuall}"^ purple and a little fibrillose at the base ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, \"-V wide, flat, erect or spreading, rougli-margined, bright green; staminate spike linear, 3"-6" long, |" wide, sbort-peduncled or subsessile, light brown ; ])istillato spikes 1-3, ovoid, densely flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, or sometimes S'-O" apart, sessile or the lower one on a short pedicel, each with a scale-like awned bract longer than the s])ike, the lowest distant, con- spicuously stalked, subtended by a green filiform bract nearly or fully equaling the culm; perigynia trianguhxr ol)ovoid, slightly pubescent, tapering to a short base and abruptly contracted REPOHT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 79 above into a short, slender, bidentate beak, mostly covered by the ovate acute or pointed whitish scale. Damp soil in shaded hilly places. Rare. Rensselaer county. June. The distant lowest pistillate spike with its long slender green bract and the very narrow short-peduncled staminate spike are noticeable features of this species. 90. Carex Peckii Jlowe. Strongly stoloniferous ; stems 3-18' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth, purplish and lightly fibrillose at base ; leaves mostly much shorter than the culm, 1"-H" wide, open and flat, soft, erect or spreading, rough-margined, bright green ; staminate spike linear, H"-3" long, sessile, often invisible, scales brown, white-margined ; pistillate spikes 2-3, ovoid, sessile, 2-8 closely flowered, the upper two crowded, usually concealing the stamin- ate spike, each with a green setaceous or shortawned, divergent bract mostly not longer than the spike, the lowest 1^ "-2 "distant, subtended by a green divergent bract about twice the length of the spike; perigynia triangular-elliptical, l|"-2" long, |" broad, hairy, with an evenly tapering base and a short bidentate beak, longer than the ovate acute or cuspidate whitish or brownish scale ; achenium exactly elliptical, ^" wide, substipitate, the style deciduous at its base. Dry soil in woods and open places. May, June. Albany, Essex, Jefferson, Cayuga and Yates counties. This is C. Emmonsii Dew. var. elliptica Boott. 9 1 . Carex deflexa Ilomem. Densely tufted ; stems 2'"6' high, capillary, curved, diffuse, smooth ; basal bracts acute or cuspidate fibrillose, dull brown or purple ; leaves shorter or longer than the cidm, |" -1" wide, smooth, open and flat ; staminate spike small and inconspicuous ; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, contiguous, 2-6 flowered, 1"-1^" in length and thickness, green or brownish, the lowest slightly peduncled with a green filiform bract 2"-4" long ; radical spikes occasional ; perigynia pyriform, tri-costate, thinly pubescent, contracted above into a short, flat, slightly curved or oblique beak, a little exceeding the ovate acute or acutish, green and purple glume. 80 EBPOBT OP THE STATE BOTANIST. Adirondack mountains. July. It forms small dense tufts, the short capillary stems often being prostrate at maturity, the longer leaves parti}' concealing the fruit ; or, they are suberect, and the spikes drooping; by which, and the apparent absence of the sterile spikes, this delicate species may be readily known. Var. Deanei Hailey. Stems 6'--12' high, mostly longer than the leaves ; staminate spilce 2"--3" long, less than \" wide, often oblique; pistillate spikes 4-8 flowered, '2"-3" apart, the lowest conspicuously stalked, its bract leaf-like and longer than the culm ; radical spikes few or numerous. Adirondack mountains. 92. Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Stoloniferous ; stems 4'-9' high, stiff, erect or recur ved-spreading, rough ; basal bracts dull purple or tawny ; leaves shorter than or as long as the culm, 1"-1|-" wide, smooth, rough margined, their extremities of ten involute, stiff, erect or recurved-spreadirg; stam- inate spike clavate, about 1' long, on a short stalk or subsessile, conspicuousl}' mottled ; pistillate spikes 1--2, 3"--9" long, densely flowered, approximate, erect, the lowest on an included stalk, its sheath (or bract) 6"-9" long, acute or acuminate, usually cover- ing the lowest scale, dark purple or brown ; perigynia subglobose or obovoid, thickly pubescent, obscurely nerved, with a long tapering base, contracted above into a short point with an entire or erose oridce; scale ovate-obljng, obtuse, purplish-brown with scarious margins. Dry ground. Rare. Monroe county. This species seems to be quite local. It is, however, well marked by its pur])lish bracts and by its spikes appearing as if spotted with purple or bixjwnish-purple. 93. Carex pubescens Mahl. Stems l°-2' l^'gb, erect, hairy ; leaves shorter than the culm l^"-2^" wide, pubescent, dull green ; staminate spike subclavate, on a peduncle 3"-6" long, erect, tawny ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or short cylindrical, subdensely ilowered, 5"-9" long, approximate, the upper 2 sessile or nearly so, the lowest on stalks 3"-0" in length, all erect ; bracts conspicuous, the upper setaceous, the lowest leaf-like, l'-2' long; perigynia acutely triangular- EEPOET OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 81 obovate, densely hairy, 2" long, f " wide, obscurely nerved, with a prominent bifid beak, a little longer than the oblong-ovate, cus- pidate white scale. "Wet, grassy places. Common. June. It is distinguished from the other species of this group by its larger size and general pubescence. Staminate spike single, stalked, often fertile at the apex ; pistil- late spikes 3-5, C3"lindrical, densely or loosely flowered on a straight or fle.xuous rachis, all on filiform more or less drooping peduncles; bracts sheathing, longer or shorter than the culm; perigynia obtusely or sharply triangular ovate or fusiform with a long tapering beak, slightly inflated. Pistillate spikes densely flowered 1 Pistillate spikes loosely flowered 2 1 Spikes clavate or cylindrical, green, perigynia sharply angled prasina. 1 Spikes cj'lindrical, fulvous, perigynia obtusely angled . . . castanea. 2 Perigynia short-stalked arctata. 2 Perigynia sessile 3 3 Perigynia tapering into a long beak debilis. 3 Perigynia contracted into a rather short beak glabra. 94. Carex prasina Wahl. Stems 15'-30' high, slender, often diffuse, slightly scabrous on the acute angles; leaves shorter than the culm, rough at the sum- mit and on the margins, 1^" wide or less ; staminate spike cylin- drical or club-shaped, I'-l^' long, on a filiform peduncle i'-l' in length, mostly drooping, often with a few pistillate flowers at the apex ; pistillate spikes 3— l, cylindrical, V-iy long, densely flowered or loosel}' flowered at the base, on filiform nodding stalks, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the lowest remote on a peduncle 1^-2^' in length ; bracts leafy, the lower ones usually surpassing the culm, the upper 1 or 2 often slender, scarcely exceeding the spike ; perigynia acutely triangular, few-nerved, tapering each way from below the middle, terminating above in a short, smooth, minutely-notched or entire beak, exceeding the oblong-ovate, acute or cuspidate white scale ; achenium triangular-elliptical, apiculate. Moist or wet fields and woods. Common. May, June. 11 82 EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. The pistillate spikes, when fresh, are f a'e green and more densely flowered than in any of the other members of this group. This is C. miliacea Muhl. of the older botanies. 95. Carex arctata Boott. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect-spreading or diffuse, smooth, somewhat stoloniferous, basal bracts dark purple ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, radical leaves numerous, l^"-5" wide, smooth, rough-margined ; staminate spike linear, 6"-9" long, its filiform stalk 5 "-8" in length, often inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 3-5, i'-l^' long, loosely flowered on a flexuous rachis, all on drooping peduncles |'-3' long, scattered, or the upper 2 approximate, the highest usually extending above the staminate spike, the lowest remote ; bracts leafy, sheathing, or the upper mostly filiform, equaling or extending above the culm ; perigynia ovate, stipitate, nerved, obtusely angled, tapering to a short bidentate beak, longer than the white, acute or cuspidate scale ; achenium obovoid, apiculate. Woods and shaded banks. Common. May, June. The stipitate perigynia constitute a distinguishing feature of this species. C. arctata x castanea Bailey. Pubescent; spikes 1" wide, loosely flowered, green or yellowish, somewhat approximate, erect-spreading or drooping; perigynia ovate, nerved, hairy, with a short bifid beak a little e.Kceeding the acute whitish scale. (C. Knieskernii Dew.) In the List of the Plants of Nortlipastern North America this stands as C. arctata x formosa Bailey. 96. Carex debilis Mx. Stems 1°-2|° high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth, some- times stoloniferous; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, l^"-2" wide, spreading, rough ; staminate spike linear, pistillate at the summit, short-stalked or subsessile ; pistillate spikes ."5-5, linear or narrowly cylindrical, loosely flowered on a flexuous rachis l'-3' long, the 2 or 3 upper approximate on drooping stalks i'-2' in length, or the highest nearly erect, the lowest remote, pendulous on a penducle 2' 3' long, rarely branched at the base ; bracts leafy, sheathing, exceeding or equaling the culm ; perigynia fusiform, nerved, 3" long, tapering into a long slender HEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTAKIST. 83 hyaline bifid beak, twice the length of the obtuse or acutish white scale; acheniam exactly elliptical, stipitate, apiculate. Fields and woods. Very common. June, July. The species is distinguished by its long flexuous fertUe spikes and its spindle-shaped perigynia. Var. strictior Bi'iley. Stems taller and mostly erect ; leaves firmer, 2" wide, spikes stiff and erect or erect-spreading ; peri- gynia deep green, a little longer than the scale. Var. interjecta Bailey. Stems tall, erect; pistillate spikes nearlj' erect, often compound at base, alternately flowered ; peri- gynia shorter than in the tj'pe. Differs from the last in its nar- rower leaves and more loosely flowered spikes. 97. Carex glabra Boott. Stems l°-2'' high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading, smooth ; basal bracts dark purple ; leaves about the length of the culm or less, l"-li" wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spike linear, 1' long or more, short-ped uncled, often fertile at the apex; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, flexuous, subloosely flowered, \'-\\' long, the upper 2 approximate, the lowest remote, all on filiform drooping peduncles l'-(J' long, or the uppermost short- stalked and suberect ; bracts leafy or the upper ones filiform, sheathing, usually exceeding the culm ; perigynia narrowly oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, nerved, 2^"-3'' or more in length, gradually tapering into an empty sharply bidentate beak, twice the length of the obtuse brown-margined scale. Wet places. Rare. June, July. Oneida and Otsego counties. The few flowered slighth^ flexuous fertile spikes and the large perigynia are characteristic of this species, which approaches debilis in appearance. 98. Carex castanea Wald. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, erect, acutely angled, lightly pubescent, basal bracts dull brown, pubescent ; stem leaves l'-3' in length, the radical half as long as the culm or more, l^"-2* broad, soft-hairy, conspicuously veined, glaucous or fulvous-green; staminate spike clavate, usually acutish at each end, 6"-9" long, on a stiff stalk W-V in length, bright brown ; pistillate spikes 2-i, oblong, or cylindrical, densely flowered, sometimes stei'ile at the apex or base, ^'-1' long, 2' wide, the upper 2 or 3 aggregated on 84 KEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. drooping stalks ^'-1' in length, the lowest distant and pendulous ; bracts variable, the lowest leafy, 2'-3' long, sheathing, the upper setaceous ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 2V long, turgid, 2-ribbed, obscurely nerved, spreading, tapering into a long smooth or roughish, mostly entire beak, about one-third longer than the acute, fringed, brown scale. Very rare. May, June. Oneida and Herkimer counties. Well marked by its glaucous leaves, and its short, yellowish or brown spikes, the upper subtended by setaceous bracts. This is C. flexilis liudge in the older botanies. Perigynia moderately iniiated. Staminate spikes 1-4, the terminal stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-stalked (the lower ones long-stalked in 99), approximate or distant, ovoid, oblong or C3'lindrical ; bracts leafy, longer or shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovoid or oblong- conic, nerved, smooth or pubescent, somewhat coriaceous in tex- ture, with a short bifid beak. Perigynia scabro-pubescent scabrata. Perigynia smooth or granular, pistillate spikes distant, purple polymorpha. Perigynia pubescent 1 Perigynia smooth or slightly rough, spikes not purple. . 2 1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves involute filLformis. 1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves not involute 3 3 Leaves and bracts exceeding the culm lanuginosa. 3 Leaves and bracts shorter than the culm 4 4 Spikes ovoid or oblong, approximate vestita. 4 Spikes oblong-cj'lindrical, distant Iloughtonii 2 Pistillate spikes 6"-12" long, 2"-4" wide, leaves involute. striata, 2 Pistillate spikes 2-3' long, 4"-5" wide, leaves flat riparia. 99. Carex scabrata Schto. Stems l°-2° high, rather stout, rough on the angles; leaves numerous, the upper ones surpassing the culm, 2"-3 " wide, rough, light-green ; staminate spike clavate, 6"-9" long, its peduncle 2"-6" in length ; pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindrical, densely flowered above, thinly at the base, approximate or scattered, the upper 2 sessile and erect, the others on erect or spreading stalks h'-Ih' in length ; bracts leafy, sheathless or sometimes the upper ones short-filiform, the lowest surpassing the culm; perigynia ovoid. EKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 85 nerved, slightly turgid, scabro-pubescent, contracted into a short obliquely toothed beak, exceeding the ovate acute or cuspidate brown scale ; acheniuni obovate, acutely triangular. Scattered or in patches along streams and in wet places. Common. June. A rather coarse but bright-green species with the fertile spikes of a bristly or squarrose appearance when mature. It is some- what stoloniferous. 100. Carex flliformis L. Stems \°-Z° high, slender, erect, obtusely angled, mostly smooth ; basal bracts l'-2|^' in length, pointed, purplish-brown, more or less fibrillose ; leaves 1"-U" wide, carinate, prominently grooved, smooth, rough- margined, becoming doubled or involute when dry, shorter than the culm, the radical ones numerous and longer; staminate spikes 1-3, rarely 4, clavate or cylindrical, l'-2' in length, on a slender peduncle 1-2^' long, subtended by a scale-like, bristle-tipped, or short setaceous bract ; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 2, cylindrical, densely flowered, or sometimes loosely at the base, subdistant or remote, sessile, or the lowest short- stalked, often staminate at the apex, ^'-1^' in length ; perigynia obtusely triangular, ovoid, nerved, of a thick coriaceous texture, densely pubescent or tomentose, slightly inflated, contracted into a short, sharply toothed beak, mostly covered by the ovate lanceolate, pointed or rough cuspidate brown scale, the latter usually widely spreading at maturity. Swamps and wet meadows. Common. June, July. This species may be recognized by the long sterile, and gray- ish fertile spikes, and by the usually erect, narrow, carinate leaves. It seems to prefer cold elevated swamps and bogs, though by no means limited to them. 101. Carex lanuginosa Mx. Stems l"'-2'^ tigh, stout, erect, acutely angled, roughish above the middle; root stock some;vha.t creeping ; leaves open and flat, smooth, l"-!^' mde, shorter ^han the culm ; staminate spikes 1-3, \'-\\' long on svili peduncles \'-\\' in length; pistillate spikes 2-1, |'-1' in lengtn, 2^r"-3" thick, densely flowered, cylin- drical, the uppermost usually sessile, the lower distant on short stalks, or the lowest remcte » n a slender peduncle I'-l^' long, 86 KEFOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. spreading or suberect, the others mostly ascending; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, longer or shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hairy, abruptly contracted into a short bidentate beak, about the length of the ovate cuspidate brown spreading scale. Wet meadows, marshes and swales. Not rare. June. This differs from the preceding in its open flat leaves, shorter bracts and stalked fertile spikes. The carinate or involute leaves of the former cause them to appear to be much more narrow than those of this species, "which is considered by some to be a mere variety of C. filiformis. 102. Carex vestita Wi/ld. Stoloniferous ; stems l°--3° high, rigid, acutelv angled, rough at the summit; basal bracts fibrillose ; leaves 1"-!^" broad, rough, shorter than the culm ; staminate spikes 1-2, clavate, mostly sessile, I' -1 J' long; pistillate spikes 2 -4, ovoid or short-oblong, 5"-9" in length, compactly flowered, approximate or distant, rarely remote, sessile, erect, frequentl}' with a teiv staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts leafy, as long as the spikes, or the lowest 1^' long; perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hispid-pubes- cent, contracted into a short beak, tne white orifice erose or slightly notched ; scale ovate, cuspidate, brown with a white margin. Wet or dry sandy places. Rather rare, Albany, Richmond and Suffolk counties. It is credited by Dr. Torrey to the western countjes of the State, but if there, it must be very scarce. 103. Carex polymorpha 3f>if>l Stems l°-2° high, stout, strict, acutelv angled, smooth; leaves l'-6' long or more, I'-S" broad, smooth ; staminate spikes 1-4, the terminal short or long-ped uncled, clavate, I'-l' long, fre- quently with a few pistillate lluwers at the base ; pistillate spikes 1-2, usually cylindrical, densely flowered, occasionally sterile at the apex, J^'-H' long, on exserted erect stalks V-V in length; bracts leaty sheathing, mostly as long as the spike ; perigynia oblong ovate, nerved, conspicuously turgid, minutely papillose or smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender purplish beak with EEPOEr OF THE STATB BOTANIST. 87 an oblique, entire or slightly notched orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse, dark purple scale. " "Western counties." Dr. Torrey in the N. Y. State Flora. It does not appear to have been collected in the State recently. 104. Carex striata Mx. Stoloniferous ; stems 15'-30' high, stiff and erect, acutely angled, rough near the summit; basal bracts purple, fibrillose; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, l"-2" wide, the upper sur- face rough, involute when dry ; staminate spikes 2-3, the terminal one l'-2' long, short stalked or subsessile, the lowest with a seta- ceous bract y -1' in length; pistillate spikes 1-2, distant or remote, the highest sessile, the lowest short-peduncled, densely or subdensely flowered, 9"--18" long, erect; bracts leafy, shorter or longer than the culm, or the highest about equaling it ; peri- gynia oblong-ovate or subglobose, prominently nerved, smooth or roughish with a scattered pubescence, somewhat divergent, abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak with whitish teeth, about twice the length of the ovate, obtuse or acute, thin scale. Wet places and boggy shores of ponds. Suffolk county. June. Var. brevis Bailey. More slender, the leaves and bracts shorter and narrower (I" wide), the fertile spikes narrower, the highest sometimes sterile at the apex and the perigynia pubescent ; other- wise like the type. 105. Carex Houghtonii Torre;/. Stoloniferous; stems l°-2° high, stiff, erect, acutely angled, rough at the summit; leaves shorter than the culm, I'-g" wide, rough-margined ; staminate spikes 1-2, clavate, the terminal one on a stiff peduncle i'-l' long, the lowest often with a setaceous or brislleform bract as long as the spike or longer; pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindrical or short oblong, subdensely flowered, ^'-1' long, subdistant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on an exserted stalk 3"-9" in length, all erect ; bracts leafj% sheathless, or the lowest short-sheathed, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia broadl}'^ ovate, prominently nerved, rough-pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short, slender, sharply toothed beak, a little exceeding the ovate pointed or rough-awned brown scale ; achenium broadly obovate, minutely dotted. 8S REPOBT OF THE 8TATB BOTANIST. Sandy soil. Rare. Essex and Saratoga counties. June, July. Sometimes the mature perigynia become reddish-brown or almost chestnut color. 106. Carex riparia Curtis. Stoloniferous ; stems 2^-3^-° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above the middle, flaccid at the base ; leaves longer than the culm, 2"-5" wide, mostly smooth on the upper surface, rough beneath, erect or spreading, glaucous; staminate spikes 2-5, cylindrical, the highest H' in length on a stalk 1' long or less, the lowest with a setaceous bract 1-14^' long; pistillate spikes 2-4, densely flowered, or loosely at the base, cylindrical or clavate, 14-3' long, 4"-5" thick, distant, the uppermost subsessile, the others short-peduncled, all erect, or the lowest sometimes spreading; bracts leafy, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong-conical, finely nerved, smooth, gradually taper- ing into a short conical bidentate beak, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned scale ; achenium narrowly obovate, apiculate. Bogs, swamps and wet places. Common. June. This is readily determined by the large erect spikes and oblong-conical, finely-nerved, olive-brown perigynia. It is C. lacustris Willd. Staminate spikes 1-5, stalked or the lower ones sessile, rarely fertile at the apex ; pistillate spikes 1-4, cylindrical or short- oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, subapproximate, distant or remote, sessile or nearly so, erect ; bracts leaf3% the lower short-sheathing or sheathless, mostly surpassing the culm; perigynia turgid, ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pubescent or smooth, with a long bifurcate beak, the teeth mostly recurved-spreading. Perigynia smooth aristata. Perigynia hairy 1 1 Staminate Hpikes 1-2 liirta. 1 Staminate spikes 2-5 trichocarpa. 107. Carex liirta L. Stoloniferous ; stems 8'-24' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth below the summit, obtusely angled ; leaves shorter than the culm, or, in low forms, the radical surpassing it, I'-IJ" wide, KEPOET OF THE BTATB BOTANIST. 89 scabro-pubescent, densely hairy on the sheaths, light green; staminate spikes 1-2, cjlindrical, ^'-H' long, on a slender peduncle l'-2' in length, the lowest ^' long and sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant or remote, the highest sessile, the lowest on an included stalk ^'-1' ia length, erect, subdensely flowered, i'-\y long; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate-oblong or lanceolate, prominently nerved, turgid, downy-pubescent, 3 " long, tapering into a long slender bifurcate beak, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. Introduced. Rare or local. Cayuga county. June, July. It is separated from the next by its light green foliage and downy sheaths, and by its fewer, softer fertile spikes. 108. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Stems 2°-3' high, rigidly erect, acutely angled, smooth or his- pid on the angles above ; leaves stiff, rough, 2"~3" wide, longer than the culm ; staminate spikes 2-5, linear or subclavate, y-iy long, the terminal short-stalked, rarely with a few fertile flowers at the base or apex, the lowest, which is frequently the longest, with a bristleform bract, each tapering to an acute apex ; pistil- late spikes 2-4, distant, short-peduncled, or the highest subsessile, erect, cylindrical, closely flowered above, somewhat loosely at the base, l'-2i' long or more ; bracts leafy, sheathless, longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, prominently nerved, hispidly pubescent, gradually tapering into a long bifurcate beak, the teeth sharp and spreading; scale ovate-lanceolate, thin, brown with scarious margins, shorter than the perigynium ; achenium obovate, apiculate, smooth. Marshes and wet places. Common. June, July. Prominently marked by its 2-5 narrow acute sessile sterile spikes, and its rough-hairy, deeply cleft perigynia. Var. imberbis Gray. A. reduced form with rough sheaths, smooth perigynia and mostly longer scales. 109. Carex aristata -R. -Bn Stems 1°-2|^° high, erect, stout, acutely angled, smooth below the spikes ; leaves longer than the culm, l|^"-3" wide, smooth, rough on the margins, stiff, yellowish green ; staminate spikes 1-4, club-shaped, the uppermost on a stalk ^'-1' long ; pistillate 12 90 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTATJIST. spikes 2-4, distant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on a short included stalk, densely flowered, 9"-24:" in length ; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, mostly longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, smooth, prominently nerved, 3"-3|-" in length, gradually tapering into a long and slender bifurcate beak, the awn-like teeth recurved, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, hispidly awned scale; achenium elliptical, apiculate, very minutely papillose. Very rare. June. Jefferson county. Staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes cylindrical, pendu- lous ; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, tinely and densely nerved, with a slender deeply cleft beak, strongly reflexed at maturity. Perigynia with long, very strongly recurved teeth . . comosa. Perigynia with long straightish or divergent teeth . . Pseudo-Cyperus. 110. Carex comosa Boott. Stems 2°-3° high, robust, erect, acutely angled, flaccid at the base, rough above the middle, smooth below ; leaves surpassing the culm, 4 "-5" broad or more, rough toward the extremities; staminate spike cylindrical, l^'-lf in length, subsessile or short- stalked, with a filiform bract mostly exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 3-5, l'-24' long, 5"-7" wide, compactly flowered, the upper two, or sometimes three, approximate, the lowest dis- tant or remote, all on slender pendulous peduncles, frequently sterile at the apex ; bracts leafy, sheathless, surpassing the culm ; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, densely nerved, gradually tapering into a long, slender bifurcate beak, the awn-like teeth strongly recurved ; perigynia reflexed at maturity ; scale lanceo- late, bristle-tipped, a little shorter than the perigynium. Shores and wet places. Common. July, August. The strongly recurved teeth of the reflexed perigynia, the former as conspicuous at the time of flowering as at maturity, are characteristic of this species, which is closely allied to the next following one, of which, by some, it is considered a variety. 111. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, sharply angleti, smooth below the spikes, slightly flaccid at the base ; leaves rough, 2"-4" wide, much sur[)assing the culm ; staminate spike cylindrical, lJ'-2^' in BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 91 length, short-peduncled, with a filiform bract one-half the length of the spike or more; pistillate spikes 2-5, compactly flowered, exactly cylindrical, 2'-3' in length, usually one or more compound at the base and sometimes sterile at the apex, the upper ones mostly approximate and the lowest distant, all pendulous on fili- form ])ed uncles ^'-2' long; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, rough on both surfaces, much surpassing the culm; perigynia triangular- lanceolate, prominently nerved, smooth, stallied, gradually tapering into a short forked beak, the sharp teeth straight or spreading ; scale lanceolate, rough-awned, about the length of the perigynia which are strongly reflexed at maturity. Shores and wet places. Common. July, August. Closely like the preceding when mature, but the spikes are more evenly cylindrical, and the teeth of the perigynia less fSpreading, and not so strongly recurved. Also, in its early stage it has been contounded with the next following species, which it resembles, but its longer spikes and peduncles should distinguish it. Perigynia much inflated. Staminate spike single (rarely 2), stalked, sometimes fertile at the summit or base; pistillate spikes 1-i, appro.ximate, or the lowest distant and spreading, the upper subsessile and suberect or all on short stalks, spreading or drooping, densely flowered, squarrose. Pistillate spikes erect, 3" wide, perigynia 8-nerved . . . Baileyi. Pistillate spikes 6" wide, perigynia 10-nerved tentaculata. Pistillate spikes 5"-6 " wide, the lower drooping hystricina. 112 Carex hystricina Muhl. Stems 15-24' high, erect, acutely angled, rough above the middle or near the summit, smooth and flaccid at the base ; leaves mostly surpassing the culm, 1 V-Z" wide, rough above the middle and on the margins ; staminate spike single (rarely 2), cylindrical, l'-2' long, mostly short-peduncled, light brown ; pistillate spikes 2- 3, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, f'-ll' long, the lowest often with 1 or 2 short branches at the base, approximate, the uppermost subsessile and spreading, the others on short nod- ding peduncles ; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, much surpassing the culm; or the highest often filiform and about equaling it ; perigynia ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, many- 92 KEPOBT OF THS STATE BOTAinSr. nerved, gradually tapering into a long, sharply toothed beak; scale, ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned, shorter than the widely divergent or horizontally spreading perigynia. Wet places. Very common. June, July. This species may be distinguished from the next by its longer- stalked drooping spikes and by its smaller, many-nerved peri- gynia. In cold, springy, sterile soil a small form occurs with only one or two fertile spikes which are erect and nearly sessile. The scales of the sterile spikes of this species and C. Pseudo- Cyperus are strikingly alike. 113. Carex tentaculata, 3Iuhl, Stems 18'-30' high, erect or spreading, acutely angled above the middle, rough at the summit, mostly smooth below ; leaves l}r"-3" wide, rough, longer than the culm ; staminate spike linear, very rarely with an additional short spike at its base, H'-2y long, short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-4, compactly flowered, ovoid-cylindrical, I'-li^' long, the upper two contiguous, sessile or nearly so, erect or divergent, the others approximate or the lowest sometimes remote on a short stalk, horizontally spreading ; bracts leaf-like, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, thin, about lO-nerved, widely divergent when mature, tapering into a long, slender, roughly-toothed beak, about twice the length of the linear-lanceolate, rough-awned scale; achenium ovoid, minutely papillose, with a long curved persistent style. "Wet places. Very common. June, July. This species may be identified by the short-stalked, horizontally- spreading lowest s|)ike, and by the spreading, slender beaks of the perigynia, which give to the spikes a coarse, comose appear, ance. The name ('. lurida, Wa/iL, is applied to this plant in the last edition of the Manual. Ilarely the staminate spike is fertile at the apex. Var. Ilaccida {Baileij). Smaller, with 2,-i loosely flowered, approximate, sessile spikes 1' long or less ; the fruit longer than in the type and less abruptly contracted into the beak; the spikes of a dull or reddish-brown color Var. parvula Paine. A diminutive form 5'-10' high with one or two globose or ovoid sessile densely flowered reddish brown spikes. BKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 93 C. tentaculata X lupulina {Bailey.). Resembles C. lupulina, but is every way smaller ; staminate spike stalked, pistillate spikes approximate, sessile, erect-spreading, dull yellowish or greenish ; perigynia turgid-ovate, about 15-nerved, the long slender beaks widely divergent; scales with long rough awns shorter than the perigynia. In a meadow bog in Poestenkill with the above-named species and C. hystricina, the latter being the most abundant. 114. Carex Baileyi Britton. Stems 19-20' high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth or rough near the spikes ; leaves I'-li" wide, rough, longer than the culm; staminate spike linear, ^'-1' long, short-stalked or sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, compactly flowered, ovoid or exactly cylin- drical, i'-li' in length, 2"-3" thick, rigidly erect, sessile, or the loAvest subsessile ; bracts leaf -like, sheathless, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-globular, about eight-nerved, evenly divergent, very abruptly contracted with a long, slender biden- tate beak, a little exceeding the long, rough-awned scale ; achen- ium triangular-elliptical, tapering to each end, minutely papillose, with a strongly curved style. (C. tentaculata var. gracilis Boott. C. lurida var. gracilis Bailey.) Swamps and wet places. Adirondack mountains. July. This slender handsome species bears but a slight resemblance to the preceding, of which it was long ago made a variety by Dr. Boott ; nor have intermediate forms been found which might possibly connect it with that species. On the other hand, it has, since it was first discovered, maintained its perfect identity as a mountain-loving species. It does not appear to descend into the lower regions, where the other species is so common. Even dwarf forms of the allied species have their fertile spikes thicker than those of the most luxuriant forms of this, and the two main- tain their distinctive characters when growing side by side and under similar conditions. The name C. montamans was given to this species in the manuscript of this Report, but owing to the delay in its publication it becomes necessary to substitute for it the earlier published name of Prof. Britton. Pistillate spikes 9"-12" broad, erect on stiff peduncles or the upper sessile; bracts prominently sheathing; perigynia 6" long and 2" broad, ascending. Spikes hop-like in appearance. 94 HEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Pistillate spikes r-2' long, achenia without prominent mamraillate angles lupulina. Pistillate spikes 2'-3' long, achenia distinctly mammil- late on the angles lupulif ormis. 115. Carex lupulina Mahl. Stoloniferous ; stems 2°-3° high, erect, robust, acutely angled, smooth ; leaves 3"-6" broad or more, smooth, rough-mar- gined, conspicuously nodose, reticulated on the upper surface, much surpassing the culm ; staminate spike single (rarely two), cylindrical, l'-3' in length on a peduncle ^'-1^' long; pistillate spikes 2-0, closely flowered, i'-2' long, 8"-10" broad, the upper ones approximate, short-stalked or sessile, the others somewhat scattered and longer peduncled,or sometimes all sessile or nearly so, the lowest usually on a stalk i'-l^' long ; bracts leaf like, prominently sheathing, mu3h surpassing the culm; peri- gynia ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously stipitate, prominently nerved, thin, G"-9" long, erect-spreading, gradually tapering into a long bidentate beak, nearly twice the length of the lanceolate, awn-pointed scale; acheniura triquetrous, sharply angled, stipitate, about 1^" long, scarcely 1" broad, tapering each way from the middle, the apex continuous with the persistent tortuous base of the style. Swamps and water holes. Common. July. Var. podunculxta Dew. Differs in its more scattered promi- nently peduncled sjiikes, its usually long-stalked sterile spike and the more divergent perigynia. C. lu})ulina x retrorsa Dudley. Perigynia straw-colored, hori- zontally spreading ; scale acute or short-awned. 116. Carex lupulif ormis Sartwell. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, smooth, usually stoloniferous ; leaves longer than the culm, 3"-G" wide, smooth, rough-margined ; staminate spike clavate, 1 J '-3' long, often long-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-5, mostl)' 4, cylindrical, closel\' flowered, the upper 3 contiguous, sessile, the others shortpeduncled, the lowest distant or remote on an e.xserted stalk ^'-1' in length, all erect and stiff, 2'-3' long, 9"-I2'' broad or more; bracts foliacoous, sheathing, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate, 5"-'J " long, much inflated, strongly nerved, thin, more or less spreading E^IPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 95 tapering from a stalked base into a long cylindrical, bidentate beak, about twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate, pointed or rough-awned scale ; achenium nearly as broad as long, with a mammillate protuberance on each angle, and a long curved style. (C. lupulina var. polystachya Schw. and Torr.) Marshes. Rare. Yates and Putnam counties. July. The long spikes and peculiar achenia characterize this species. Perigynia moderately or much inflated, ascending, divergent or deflexed. Staminate spike single (rarely 2), clavate, stalked or sessile, rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes 1-5, globose, oblong or short cylindrical, sometimes sterile at the apex, compactly sub- densely or alternately flowered, sessile or peduncled, erect or spreading, the upper contiguous or approximate, the others dis- tinct or scattered or all scattered, green or yello-vish-green at maturity ; bracts leaf-like, with conspicuous or obsolete sheaths, erect or divaricate, longer than the culm ; perigynia ovoid, lan- ceolate or awl shaped, nerved, mostly smooth with a short notched or long bifurcate beak. Spikes short-cylindrical, leaves involute extensa. Spikes globose or ovoid, distant, bracts sheathing 1 Spikes globose or oblong, contiguous above, bracts obsolete * 1 Spikes 4-8, distant, perigynia awl-shaped .'. . Collinsii. 1 Spikes subdensely or densely flowered, perigynia not awl-shaped ' 3 Leaves 2"-6" wide folliculata. 3 Leaves about 1" wide Michauxiana. 2 Spikes 3-8-flowered, leaves involute oligosptrma. 2 Spikes more than 8-flowered, leaves not involute 4 4 Perigynia deflexed when mature, its beak bent flava. 4 Perigynia with a straight beak 6 5 Perigynia small, with a short, minutely notched beak . . ffideri. 5 Perigynia much inflated, b"-8" long 6 6 Spikes 15-30 flowered, perigynia 25-30 nerved Grayii. 6 Spikes 3-12 flowered, perigynia 15-20 nerved intumescens. 117 Carex Grayii Carey. Stems 12-30' high, stout, acutely angled above, smooth; leaves surpassing the cubn, is'-S " wide, rough, light green ; stam- 96 EKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. inate spike linear or sub-clavate, 1' long, often inconspicuous, sessile or shortpeduncled ; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, densely flowered, globular, contiguous or subdistant tbe uppermost ses- sile, the lower shortpeduncled, erect, fi'-Q" thick ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovate or ovoid, 25-30 nerved, G"-9 " long, smooth, widely spreading and deflexed, taper- ing into a long bidentate_ beak, about twice the length of the broadly ovate, acute scale. Wet places in the central and western part of the State, rare in the eastern part. July. The large yellowish-green spikes, mostly contiguous and of a bur-like aspect, sufficiently mark this tine species. It is related to the next following species to which it has sometimes been sub- joined as a variety. It is C. AsaGrayi Bailey. Var. hispidula G-ray. Perigynia hispidly -pubescent. Greene county. 118 Carex intumescens Rmlge. Stems 15-30' high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth be- low the middle, sometimes with a few short stolons ; leaves l^"-3" broad, rough, longer than the culm, dark green ; staminate spike cylindrical, |'-2' in length, subsessile or on a stalk i'-iy long ; pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-10 loosely or subdensely flowered (rarely 1-3 flowered), globular, contiguous or approximate, ses- sile or the lowest on a short stalk 3"-6" in length, dark green, often becoming blackish in drying; bracts leafy, sheathless, much surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, 15-20 nerved, widely spreading, tapering into a long, smooth or roughish bi- dentate beak, about twice longer thau the oblong-ovate cuspi- date scale. Wet places in fields or woods. Very common. June, July. This species has more slender culms, darker foliage, fewer flowered spikes and fewer nerved perigynia than C. Grayii, to which it is closely related. It is quite variable. In shaded places there is a very slender form with one to three perigynia in a spike; also in open places there is a very slender form with two to three scattered spikes having one to five rather small perigynia in each. These sometimes assume a reddish-brown polor even before maturity. EKPOBT OF THE 8TATB BOTANIST. 97 119. Carex folliculata L. Stems 1 5-30' high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves 2"-6" wide, rough beneath, the lowest short and long-sheathing, the upper surpassing the culm; staminate spike small and often inconspicu- ous, y long or more, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 3-4, 10-20 subloosel}' flowered, globose-ovoid, 5''-8" broad, approximate, distant or remote, the uppermost sessile, the lower on exserted peduncles i'-l' long, all erect, green or tawny ; bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia ovate- lanceolate, many-nerved, inflated, smooth, widely spreading, gradually tapering into a short bidentate beak, longer than the ovate rough-awned, white scale. Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July. The species is easily recognized by its short, lower stem leaves, and by its usually distant green or yellowish, subglobose spikes. On the sand plains west of Rome and in sphagnous marshes of the Adirondack region a short form occurs, having the pistillate spikes approximate, four of them being included in a space of ^'-^'. 120. Carex Michauxiana Bieckl. Stems 10'-20' high, stiff, smooth ; leaves exceeding the culm, 1"-1^" wide, rough or sometimes smooth below the middle, yellowish-green ; staminate spikes 3"-6" long, sessile, mostly inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely flowered, globose- ovoid, the upper contiguous and sessile, the lowest distant or remote on an exserted peduncle I'-V long, yellowish-green ; bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia lanceo- late, numerously nerved, inflated, smooth, erect, spreading or widely divergent, tapering into a short, slender bidentate beak, twice longer than the oblong, obtuse, light-brown scale. (C. rostrata M.c., C. Michauxii Schw.) Swamps and bogs. Adirondack region. July. More slender than the last ; spikes fewer, more densely flowered, with the perigynia shorter and more slender, and the scale much smaller and awnless. An occasional form has the lowest spike on a peduncle five or six inches long. 121. Carex CoUinsii Nutt. Stems 6'-20' high or more, slender, erect, rough above the middle : basal bracts purple ; leaves exceeding the culm, 1"-!^" 13 98 EKPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spike linear, 3 " long ^" wide, sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, sessile or the lowest on a short exserted peduncle, all erect, 4-8 loosely flowered, green ; bracts leafy sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia awl-shaped, finely nerved, smooth, slightly inflated, 6" long, reflexed, with a long, slender, deeply cleft beak, the awn-like teeth deflexed at maturity ; scale lanceolate, cuspidate, less than half the length of the perigynium. (C. subulata Mx.) Swamps and wet places. Very rare. Long Island and Rich- mond county. June, July. 122. Carex oligosperma JTx. Stems 15'- 30' high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading, slightly rough on the acute angles above ; leaves as long as the culm, 1" wide, becoming involute, smooth or rough-margined ; staminate spikes 1 or )i, clavate, J'-l|^' long, on stalks }'-!' in length ; pistillate spikes 1-2, globular or ovoid, 3-8 flowered, subdistant, the uppermost sessile, the lowest usually short-stalked, sometimes half staminate; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, shorter or longer than the culm; perigynia turgid ovate, 2"-2|-"long, ly wide, prominently nerved, ascending, contracted into a short slender bidentate beak, longer than the ovate obtuse brown scale. Bogs and marshes. Northern part of the State. July, August. Conspicuously marked by its tall slender stems, involute leaves and few flowered, ovoid spikes. 123. Carex flava L. Stems l°-2° high, erect, smootli ; leaves shorter than the culm, l"-\y wide, mostly smooth, yellowish-green; staminate spike subclavate, about ^ long, sessileor short-stalked, erect or obl.que, sometimes small and inconspicuous ; pistillate spikes 1- 4, ovoid or globular, corai)actly flowered, aggregated and sessile or the lowest subdistant and short-peduncled, yellowish-green or fulvous ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless. divaricate, longer than the culm; perigynia turgid-ovate, prominently nerved, smooth, ta])eri'ig into a long, slender bent or recurved bidentate beak, strongly reflexed at maturity ; scale oblong-ovate acute or obtusisb, brown, much shorter than the periirvnium ; achenium short, triangular, obovate, apiculate, blackish-brown. BEPOBT OF THK STATE BOTANIST. 89 Bogs shores and wet places. Very common and variable. June to Auguit. A form sometimes occurs in which the staminate spike is fer- tile at the apex. Var. graminis Bailey. Differs rrom the type in its much smaller size, longer leaves which exceed the culm, its mostly erect bracts, and in its smaller, usually straiglit perigynia. The beaks are deeply cleft as in the type and occasionally slightly rough. This variety is not rare in the Adirondack region. Var. fertilis Peck n. var. Stems 15'-20' high, firm and erect, smooth; leaves iy-2" wide ; staminate spike invisible; pistillate spikes 4-5, ovoid or short-oblong, 5"-6 " long, Z" wide, compactly flowered, the upper 3 aggregated, sessile, the lowest subdistant on a partly included stalk 3"-5" in length ; bracts short-sheathed, divaricate and recurved, .3'-S' long, or the upper sometimes setaceous ; perigynia yellowish-green with long rough beaks, a little longer than the oblong, acute deep brown scale. Low moist ground. Dutchess county. June. The staminate spike is apparently almost or wholly fertile. 124. Carex CEderi Ehrh. Stems 5'-20' high, slender, smooth ; leaves mostly exceeding the culm, 1" wide or more, smooth, yellowish green, fading to fulvous when old ; staminate spike 3"-9" long, often androgynous, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-i, ovoid or short cylmdrical, 3"-S" long, densely llowered, aggregated, or the lowest subdistant, all sessile and erect, sometimes 1 or 2 prolilerously branched at the base, yellowish- green ; bracts Jeaf-like, erect, longer than the culm, or the upper sometimes setaceous: perigynia obovoid, straight, prominently nerved, divergent or ascending, contracted into a short bifid or slightly notched smooth beak, longer than the ovate acute thin brown scalf ; achenium triangular, obovate, apiculate, sharply angled, blackish-brown. Wet places. Common, especially in the western part of the State. July, August. This is easily separated from C. flava, to which it is closely allied, by its much smaller spikes and smaller perigynia with a shorter, straight, smooth, slightly notched beak. In the last edi- tion of the Manual it is referred to C. flava as Var. viridula Bailey. 100 BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 125. Carex extensa Good. Steins l°-2° high, slender but strict, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm or sometimes surpassing it, involute, smooth ; stamiaate spike clavate, S"-10" long, subsessile; pistillate spikes densely flowered, ovoid or short cylindrical, 4"-y" long, 2^"-3" wide ; the upper ones approximate, sessile, the lowest remote on a short partly included stalk ; bracts like the leaves or the upper- most often setaceous, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the culm; perigynia ovate, prominently nerved, ascending or widely diver- gent, gradually tapering into a short bifid beak, longer than the ovate acute or obtuse macronate deep-brown scale ; aclienium elliptical, substipitate. Introduced and local. Coney Island and Long Island. Distinguished from the last by its stiff involute leaves, less approximate spikes and larger, firmer perig\^nia. Spikes 1-4, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, sterile below, the others fertile, densely flowered ; perigynia long- beaked, squarrose at maturity. 126. Carex squarrosa L. Stems li^°-3'' high, stiff and erect, acutely angled, smooth ; leaves sur[)assing the culm, U"-*" wide, lax and spreading, smooth, or rough above the middle ; spikes 1-4, ovoid or cylin- drical, densely flowered, 6"-12" long, 4"-tj" wide, usually approxi- mate, short-peduncled, or the lowest on a stiff stalk ^'-1' long, all erect, the terminal one pistillate above, stami- nate below; bracts leafy, longer than the culm, or the upper- most sometimes not exceeding its spike; perigynia turgid, obovoid, lightly few nerved, thin and papery, abruptly con- tracted into a long slender bifid beak as long as the body, the teeth short and thin, horizontally spreading at maturity; scale lanceolate, mostly concealed by the crowded perigynia ; achenium elliptical. Moist meadows and swales. Common. June, July. This is a very distinct and peculiar species not closely related to any other in our limits. Forma robusta Pec^. Stouter, leaves firmer, mostly erect; spikes 8"-! 2" long, 6"-7" wide, 2' apart, the lowest on a slender drooping pedundcle 2' long. HEPOBT OF THB STATE B0TABI8T. 101 Staminate spikes 1-i, short or long-stalked, often pistillate at the base or apex ; pistillate spikes 1-5, cylindrical, usually densely flowered, the upper approximate (clustered in 127), sessile or short-stalked, erect or spreading, the lower sometimes drooping, or all distant, short stalked or sessile, erect or ascending, some- times sterile at the apex, straw-colored or tawny ; bracts like the leaves, the lower sometimes sheathing, equaling or surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate or globular-ovoid, much inflated, nerved or nerveless, ascending or spreading (reflexed in 127) shining, with a prominent bidentate beak. (Spikes pendulous, loosely flowered and perigynia globular with a needle-shaped beak in 133.) Perigynia large, l^"-3" wide 1 Perigynia small, less th in 1^" wide 2 1 Pistillate spikes 2 or more, ascending Tuckermani. 1 Pistillate spikes 1 or 2, perigynia widely spreading. . . buliata. 2 Pistillate spikes less than 4" wido 3 2 Pistillate spikes 4" wide or more 4 8 Spikes erect or spreading monile. 3 Spikes drooping longirostris. 4 Spikes contiguous, perigynia reflexed retrorsa. 4 Spikes approximate or distant, perigynia not reflexed, 6 5 Spikes distant utriculata. 5 Spikes approximate or the lowest enly distant Schweinitzii. 127. Carex retrorsa Sc/iw. Stems densely clustered, 2^-3° high, firm and erect, smooth with obtuse angles ; leaves much longer than the culm, 1^ "-4" wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spikes 1-3, often slightly pistillate above or at the base, cj'lindric.il, l'-2' long; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered, cylindrical, l'-2' long or more, 4"-5" thick, the upper contiguous and erect on short included stalks, the lowest sometimes distant or remote on a short or long partly drooping peduncle, one or more often compound at the base; bracts leaf-like, short-sheathing, or sometimes the uppermost filiform, all much surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, prominently few- nerved, thin, strongl}'^ reflexed, tapering into a long bidentate beak ; scale short lanceolate, usually invisibl Wet places and water holes. Common. June, July. 102 BKPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Readily identified by the clustered spikes and reflexed perigynia. Var. Ilartii Gray. Slender; fertile spikes more or less dis- tant, stalked, loosely flowered ; perigynia slightly reflexed. (C. Hartii Dew.) This is regarded by Prof. Britton as a distinct species. 128. Carex Tuckermani Dero. Stems l^°-3° high, stout, the acute angles rough ; leaves rough, lJ"-2" wide, exceeding the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, cylin- drical, I'-l^' long, on a stalk ^'-1' in length, the lowest some- times with a few pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2-4, densely flowered, oblong or cj'lindrical, |'-2' in length, -i'-G" thick, rather distant, the uppermost sessile, erect spreading, the remainder peduncled, the lowest sometimes remote and droop- ing ; bracts leaf like, sheathless, longer than the culm ; perigynia large, ovate, prominently nerved, thin, 4^"-5" long, 2\"-'A" thick, contracted into a slender bidentate beak, twice the length of the lanceolate acute or pointed scale. Wet places in shaded stations or open fields. Common. June, July. The rather short thick spikes and the large ovate shining peri- gynia are characteristic of this species. When very young the perigynia of this species and of C. intumescens, C. Grayii and some others with inflated perigynia are very pale or almost white. 129. Carex buUata Schk. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely angled, rough above, smooth below the middle, dark purple and fibrillose at the base; leaves smooth or roughish, stifl', mostly erect, 1"-H" wide, about the length of the culm ; staminate spikes 2-3, cylindrical or sub- clavate, i'-l^' in length on stalks O'-'.t " long ; pistillate spikes 1-2, densely flowered, G"-9" (rarely 1) long, Z"-t>" thick, sessile and erect, or, when 2, approximate or remote, the uppermost short-stalked or sessile, the lowest on a slender peduncle 1' long or less, erect or slightly spreading ; bracts leafy with obsolete sheaths, usually exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate, much in- flated, nerved, thick, shining, widely divergent, tapering into a long, smooth or minutely roughened, bidentate beak, longer than the lanceolate acute or obtuse scale. KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 103 A very rare species but one well marked by its 1-2 short thick spikes, and its large shining widely divergent perigynia. No specimens of it are in the State Herbarium, but it is said to occur in Westchester county and in the valley of the Mohawk. 130. Carex monile Tuckm. Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect, rough on the acute angles above the middle; leaves longer than the culm, l^"-2^'' wide, rough at the top and on the margins, lax and somewhat spread- ing ; staminate spikes 2-4, cylindrical or clavate, I'-l^' in length, usually on a stalk 1' long; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely flowered, cylindrical, 1-2^' long, Z"-i" thick, scattered, the upper ones sessile and erect or erect-spreading, the lowest on a slender spreading stalk ^-1' in length, or sometimes sessile and erect ; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, far surpassing the culm; perigynia globose-ovate, much inflated, thin and papery, nerved, somewhat divergent, gradually tapering into a long bidentate beak, about twice the length of the acute or pointed scale. Wet places, margins of streams, etc. Common. July. It may be known by the slender stems and lax leaves, and by the 2-3 distant or remote, mostly erect, narrow, densely flowered spikes, and the globose thin shining perigynia. Forms some- times occur with a single pistillate spike, and such forms having the spike unusually thick might easily be mistaken for C. bullata. The species is very common in the Adirondack region. 131. Carex utriculata Boott. Stems 2°-4° high, stout, acutely angled above the leaves, smooth, flaccid, conspicuously reticulated below the middle; leaves sur- passing the culm, 3"-5" broad, nodulose-roughened, dark green ; staminate spikes 3-4, the terminal one short-stalked, the others sessile, i'-3' in length, the lowest with a slender bract exceeding its spike; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely flowered, sometimes one or more staminate at the apex, cylindrical, U'-4' long, 4"-6" thick, scattered, the upper sessile, the lower short-stalked, all erect or nearly to ; bracts leafy, the lowest short-sheathing, far surpass- ing the culm ; perigynia, small, turgid-ovate, of a thick texture, few-nerved, divergent, abruptly contracted into a cylindrical, 104 EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. sharply-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate acute or awned scale. Swamps, bogs and margins of streams. Common. June, July. The spikes are longer than in the last species, the perigynia are smaller and firmer. The species may be recognized by the nodose-netted stems and leaves. It is common in the Adirondack region where there are small forms, Var. minor Boott, with spikes scarcely more than I'-l^' long. 132. Carex Schweinitzii Dew. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, erect, rough on the acute angles ; leaves longer than the culm, l^"-3" broad or more, rough, yellowish-green; staminate spikes 1-2, clavate, 9"-12'' long on peduncles ^-1' in length; pistillate spikes 3-4, densely flowered, often loosely at the base, and sometimes compound, occasionally staminate at the apex, cylindrical, l'-2' long or more, 3"-4" thick, approximate, mostly on short spreading stalks, or sometimes the lowest remote on a filiform nodding peduncle 2'-21' long bracts leaf -like, short-sheathing or not sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia small, turgid-ovoid, few-nerved, thin, divergent, gradually tapering into a slender bidentate beak, nearly twice the length of the roui7e!/.sv This is generally supported on a stem, hut in the aljience of a stem the cap is sessile. It varies much in shape in different species and even in the same species in different stages of development. In some mushrooms thin vertical jjlates or membranes radiate from the stem to the margin of the cap, or in the absence of a stem, from the point of attachment of the cap to its free margin. These are called lamellae or gills. Shorter ones intervene toward the margin of the cap to fill the spaces that would otherwise be left vacant. The gills are attached by their upper edge to the lower surface of the caj) and often by their inner extremity to the stem. They are adnate when attached to the stem by the whole width of their inner extremity ; culnexed when attached by a part of their width only ; deourrent when they run down on the stem, gradually tapering to a point, and/Ve<; when not attached to the stem. Sometimes their lower edge is notched or excavated at or near the stem, which fact is designated by the words emari/inaie or sinuate. In some, the lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or cells, called pores. These are so small in some species that they are scarcely noticeable but generally they are easily visible. They stand like tubes in a vertical i)osition, side by side, with the openings or mouths downward. Theoretically they may be sup- posed to be formed by numerous gills connected by frequent par- titions or transverse membranes. In still another group of mushrooms the lower surface of the cap has neither gills nor pores, but instead there are numerous spine-like or awlshaped projecting points called icel/i. It is very mu:h as if closely placed gills had been deeply, regularly and finely notched or gashed, but the teeth are not arranged in reg- ular radiating rows, as they would be if actually formed in this way. The ujiper surface of the cap is (jlahrous when it is smooth or free from hairs, lil)rils or scales; even when it has no pits, ridges or other inequalities ; silky when adorned with soft, close-pressed fibrils ; Jihrillose if these fibrils are harsher and looser ; floccoae EEPOKT OF THK STATE BOTANIST. 117 when they are soft, short and collected in little floes or tufts ; tow^ntose when crisped and interwoven so as to form a woolly- surface; squamose or scaly when coarse and collected in tufts, also when the cuticle breaks or cracks into small flakes or spot- like patches. These same terms are also applicable under the same conditions to the surface of the stem. The cai* is also said to be umbonate when it has a small projection or boss on its center; ^phorum is the part that supports the hymenium. In the Common mushroom and many others as well, the spores develop lis KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. on certain specialized cells called basldia (basidium in the singular) on each of which four spores usually develop. In the morels, these specialized cells are elongated into cylindrical membranous sacks called asci (ascus in the singular), in each of which eight spores usually develop. In germination the spores send out slender threads or filaments called mycelium by botanists, but commonly known as sjjaion. The mj^celium permeates the soil or other substance on which the mushroom grows and under favorable circumstances develops a crop of mushrooms of its own species. The method and place of spore development furnishes the basis for the primary classification of fungi. The best way to acquire a knowledge of our edible mushrooms is to study them in the light of the primary characters employed in botanical classifica- tion and, therefore, in their natural relations to each other. It is my plan to arrange and describe them in their respective classes, families and genera. It will be seen that the species here described are all included in three great groups or classes, whose names and distinguishing characters may be expressed in the following general manner : Gasteromyceteae. Fungi whose spores are produced in the interior of the plant. Example. Puff halls. Discomyceteas. Fungi whose spores are produced on the upper or exterior surface of the cap and are contained in delicate membranous sacks. Example. Morels. Hymenomyceteae. Fungi whose spores are produced on the lower surface of the cap. Example. Comrnon mushroom. In the last class there are a few species in which no cap is developed. In these the spores are produced on the exterior of upright simple stem-like plants, or of the branches of upright bush-like plants, or on the upper surface of jelly-like irregularly expanded plants. None of the gelatinous plants will be described and only a few species of the other exceptional cases. These species all belong to the single genus Clavaria. The spore-bearing surface, or hyraenium, is generally recog- nizable, even to the naked eye, by its smooth, delicate, waxy appearance, which is ijuite unlike that of the sterile surfaces. In most of the cap bearing mushrooms the lower surface of the cap is furnished with special organs on whose surfaces the spores are produced. These are in the forms known as gills, EBPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 119 pores and teeth, and these organs furnish the characters on which the three principal families of the Hynienomycete;e are founded. These characters will be more fully discussed in their proper place. Gasteromyceteae. Puff Balls. Puff balls belong to the class of fungi to which botanists have given the name Gasteromyceteie. This name may be translated stomach fungi. It has reference to the fact that those plants which belong to this class have their stomach, that is, their whole interior, filled with spores when mature. The spores are developed on basidia as in the Hymenomyceteas. These are among the most easily recognized of fungi and the larger species in their early state are among the best of our edible species. Almost every country lad is familiar with the globular iilants with papery rind stuffed full of a mass of brown dust like material intermingled with cottony filaments. Time and again these have been seen lying on the ground or adhering to old stumps or the dead trunks of trees, and often have they afforded amusement by being subjected to sudden pressure between thumb and lingers that there might be seen the little cloud of dust-like spores belched forth like a miniature puff of smoke, and like smoke quickly vanishing in the air. But no one would think these good to eat, nor indeed are they while in this condition. But most puff' balls are white within when young and their substance is then of a soft Heshy texture very unlike the dusty mass that tills them in mature age. And it in only while they are tohite ivithin that they are fit for food. When they reach maturity the flesh at tirst assumes greenish-yellow or brownish-yellow hues and is apt to become moist or watery. They are then spoiled for edible purposes. Lycoperdon Taurn. Most of our puff balls and both the edible species here noticed belong to the genus Lycoperdon. There are about twenty species of this genus found in our State, but most of them are quite small, being less than two>inches in diameter. They are naturally and botanically divided into two groups characterized by the manner 120 KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. in which they open for the dispersion of the spores. In one group the rind of the mature plant breaks into irregular frag- ments in the upper part of the plant, and graduall\^ falls away exposing the mass of spores and permitting them to be disseminated by the wind. In the other group the rind opens by a small nearly circular but somewhat ragged apical aperture. This group includes nearly all of the smaller species, and the rind is generalh' thinner anil more papery than in the others. Both the edible species here described belong to the first group. Some botanists have considered this group as worthy of generic dis- tinction and have applied the name Calvatia to it, but for our present jjurpose the original names of the species are deemed preferable. No deleterious species of puff ball is known, but so far as my experiments have gone the small species are inferior in flavor to the large ones, and these only are at present recommended for food. Possibly some of the untried small species may be as agreeably flavored as the large ones, and perhaps improved methods of cooking may give a more agreeable dish from those already tried. We have two species of Bovista, a kind of puff ball differing slightly from lycoperdons in the more perfectly globular shape and in the more tough and smooth rind of the mature plant. These are the Lead-colored bovista, Bovista plumhea, and the Bill- shape bovista, Bovista jnla, both of which are pronounced edible hy Professor W. Trelease, but as I have not tried them thej' are dismissed from further consideration at present. The genus Scleroderma is allied ti our common puff balls and would naturally be classed with them in the popular mind. The species differ from puff l)alls in tiieir thicker rind and in having a colored flesh even in the immature state. I suspect that their disagreeable flavor has kept them out of the list of edible species, but one correspondent affirms that he has eaten these fungi and considers them good. The two species of puff ball now to be described may be con- trasted as follows : Plant 8 to 15 inches in iliameter, spore mass olivaceous. L. giganteum. Plant .3 to inches in diameter, spores mass i)ur()lish. . . L.cyathi forme. EBPOKT OF THE STATE B0TA.HI8T. 121 Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch. Giant Pdff Ball. Plate 1 . Peridium very large, globose or depressed-globose, sessile or nearly so, glabrous or slightly tiocculose, ^vhite, whitish or slightly yellowish, becoming dingy with age; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous; spores globose, about .001 '16 in. broad. The Giant puff ball is our largest species. Its diameter is commonly eight to fifteen inches, but sometimes it attains even larger dimensions. Its horizontal diameter is often greater than its altitude. Its rind is smooth and white or whitish, but ac it grows old it becomes yellowish and dusky. The flesh is at first white but with maturity it assumes greenish-yellow hues and when it becomes dusty it is brownish or brownish-olivaceous. It grows in grassy places and appears in August and Septem- ber. It is not common, but owing to its large size a single one is sufficient for a meal for a large family. Indeed one writer advises that, when one is found growing near the house, it should not all be taken at once, but that a sufficient quantity of it should be taken for a meal and another portion be cut from it the next diy for another meal, and so on until it is all utilized or until it is too old for use. The largest specimens are apt to be depressed so as to resemble in shape a round loaf of bread. Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc. Cdp-Shapei) Tuff Ball. Plate 3. Peridium three to six inches in diameter, globose or depressed- globose, smooth or minutely floccose or scaly, whitish cinereous brown or pinkish-brown, often cracking into areas in the upper part, commonly with a short thick stem-like base ; capillitium and spores purple-brown, these and the upper part of the peridium falling away and disappearing when old, leaving a cup-shaped base with a ragged margin ; spores globose, rough, purple-brown, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. The Cup shaped puff ball is smaller than the Giant puff ball and more common. Ordinarily it is from three to six inches in diameter. It is at first white, whitish or brownish, but it is apt 16 122 EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. to become darker with age, assuming brown or pinkish-brown hues. The upper part often cracks into angular areas or patches, the chinks being ])aler than the surface. When fully mature the upper part of the rind breaks up into fragments which fall away revealing the dull purplish-brown mass of spores and filaments within. After these have disappeared there still remains a cup- shaped base which is suggestive of the name of this puff ball and which sometimes persists all winter. From such an effete specimen the species was first named and described. This species grows in pastures, sometimes in cultivated ground. It appears in August and September. In preparing it and the preceding species for the table select immature specimens whose iiesh is yet pure white. Peel them and cut the flesh into slices one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. These slices may be fried in butter and seasoned according to taste or they may first be dipped in beaten egg and then fried and seasoned. In this way they make a kind of mushroom fritters or omelet that is liked by almost every one. If preferred, the beaten egg may be thickened with bread crumbs or crushed cracker. Some who are very fond of the Common mushroom fry the plain slices in butter, adding a mushroom or two to increase the true mushroom flavor, or they stew them in milk or cream, adding mushrooms if convenient, as before. Discomycetese. M0EEL8, Helvellas and Miteula. The Discomycetea; or dish fungi are evidently so named because in many of the species the fertile or spore-bearing sur- face is flat like a disk. It includes also many cu|)-shapetl fungi in which the fertile surface is concave like the inside of a saucer or cup. But in the group which contains the edible species here to be noticed the fertile surface is neither flat nor concave, but decidedly conve.x, conical, oval or even cylimlrical or club shaped. In some species also it is very irregular or uneven. In all the species, however unlike they may be in other respects, there is this agreement, the upper or exterior surface is the spore-bearing surface and the spores are developed in thin mem- branous sacks, not on basidia within the plant as in the case of puff balls. In the morels and allied species the plant consists of a stem and cap as in an ordinary mushroom, but these are SKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 123 very unlike the stem and cap of a mushroom in general appear- ance. Our edible species are placed in four genera, whose prominent distinctive characters, so far as our species are con- cerned, may be ascertained from the following table: Cap coarsely pitted over its whole surface Morchella. Cap convolutely lobed Gyromitra. Cap irregular or reflexed Helvella. Cap club shaped, often irregularly so Mitrula . Morchella Dill. In the genus Morchella, to which the morels belong, the cap is supported on a hollow stem and its whole surface is very un- even by reason of a net-work of anastomosing or reticulated ridges and their intervening cavities. This gives the surface a pitted or honeycombed appearance. The ridges are blunt on the edge. The spore sacks are imbedded in the whole surface, both of pits and ridges, each sack usually containing eight spores, a fact which can only be ascertained for one's self by the aid of a microscope. In the mass, the spores are yellowish. Six species have been found in our State. All are similar in color, and the specific distinctions are not very sharp. They are found chiefly in the size and shape of the cap. All are deemed edible and similar in texture and flavor, and therefore the sepa- ration of the species from each other is not of much practical importance if they are sought for food only. The prevailing color of the cap in young and growing plants is buff-yellow or ochraceous, but as the plants become old or begin to dry, darker hues are assumed. The stems are rather stout, white or whitish, or barely tinged with yellow, and scurfy or at least not perfectly smooth and polished. They are hollow and in plants in which the margin of the cap is attached to the stem the cap also is hol- low, the cavity being continuous between cap and stem. The species may be arranged in two groups, in one of which the margin of the cap is wholly attached to the stem, in the other it is free. All the species occur early in the season. They may be sought in wet weather, in May and June. I have never found any of them later than June. Most of them seem to prefer to grow un- der or near pine and ash trees, though they are sometimes found under other trees. 124 BBPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. There are two or three species of stink horn fungi, species of Phallus, which, \7hen old, bear some resemblance to morals. They have a pitted cap supported on a stem, but the cap has an opening in the top and the stem is porous, and besides, these plants have such an intolerable odor that no one would think of eating them. It is not likely that any one would mistake them for morels. In the annexed table the distinctive features of the species are indicated. All the species are so much alike that the usual botanical diagnosis will be omitted. Margin of the cap united to the stem 1 Margin of the cap free from the stem 3 1 Cap rounded or oval M. esculenta . 1 Cap oblong or cylindrical M. deliciosa. 1 Cap conical or oblong-conical 3 2 Cap distinctly broader than the stem M. conica. 2 Cap scarcely broader than the stem M. angusticeps. 3 Cap free from the stem to the middle M. semilibera, 3 Cap free from the stem to the top M. bispora . Morchella esculenta Pers. Common Moeel. Plate 3. Figs. 1 to 3. In the Common morel the cap is generally a little longer than broad. It is sometimes nearly globose and sometimes slightly narrowed toward the top. The pits or depressions in its surface are rather broader than in other si)ecies and more rounded, thereby giving the surface an appearance more like that of a hone^'comb. The plant is commonly two to four inches high, with a stem a half inch or more thick. It bus long been known as an edible species, as its specific name implies. Morchella conica Pers. Conical Mokkl Plate 4. Figs. 1 to 4. The Conical morel has the cap conical or oblong-conical, as its name indicates. The longitudinal ridges on its surface run more regularly from top to base than in the Common morel. Thay are connected by short transverse ridges which are so distant from each other or so incomplete that the resulting pits or depressions BEPOKT Of THE STATE B0TAWI8T. 125 are generally longer than broad, and sometimes rather irregular. The color in the young plant is a beautiful buff-yellow or very pale ochraceous, but it becomes darker with age. The plants are generally three to five inches high, with the cap one and a half to two inches thick in its broadest part, and dis- tinctly broader than the stem. This is similar to the Common morel in its esculent qualities and is generally admitted by writers to be an excellent food and of delicate flavor. It has been regarded by some as a mere variety of the preceding species. Both may be found growing on either sandy, gravelly or clayey soils. Morchella angusticetJS Peck. Naeeow cap ]\Iorkl. Plate 4. Figs. 5 to 9. The Narrow cap morel differs from the Conical morel in its generally smaller size, more pointed cap and comparatively thicker stem. Generally the cap is scarcely thicker than the stem, even at its base, which is its broadest part. It is long and narrow and sometimes curved. In some specimens the stem is widest at the top and gradually tapers toward the base as shown in figure 5. The plants are commonly two to three inches high, with the cap generally less than an inch broad in its widest part, but some- times much larger specimens occur. Morchella deliciosa Fr. Delicious Moekl. Plate 3. Figs. 4 to 7. The Delicious morel is easily known by the shape of its cap, which is cylindrical or nearly so. Sometimes it is slightly nar- rowed toward the top and occasionally curved, as in the preced- ing species, but its long narrow shape and blunt apex is quite strongly contrasted with that species. It is usually two or three times as long as it is broad, and generally it is longer than the stem. Specimens also occur in which the cap is slightly more nar- row in the middle than it is above and below, and rarely it is slightlv pointed at the apex. The pits on its surface are rather narrow and mostly longer than broad. The stem is often rather short. 126 BBPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. The plant varies from one and a half to three inches high. It is a rare species in our State. The name indicates that the illustrious Fries, who originally described the species, considered it an especially agreeable morel, and indeed he says it is more sapid than the Common morel. Roques sustains him in this opinion and Quelet speaks of it as very line and fragrant. In the four spacies already described the margin of the cap is united to or continuous with the top of the stem. In the two remaining species the margin of the cap is free from the stem, and consequently an open space intervenes between it and the stem. Morchella semilibera D C. Half fkee Mokkl. Plates. Figs. 11 to IS. The Half free morel has a conical cap, the lower fialf of which is free from the stem. It rareiy exceeds an inch or an inch and a half in length, and is usually much shorter than its stem. Tho pits on its surface are longer than broad. Deformed specimens occur in which the cap is hemispherical and very blunt or obtuse at the apex ; in others it is abruptly narrowed above and pointed. The plants are two to four inches high. The species is rare with us. Some writers claim that its flavor is less agreeable than that of the Common morel. The plants are so scarce that I have had no opportunity to test its edible qualities. The species was described by Persoon under the name Morchella hyh'ida, a name having reference doubtless to the character of the cap, which, by being half free, partakes of the nature of the cap of an ordinary mushroom, while in other respects it retains the features of the true morels. This name is adopted in Syllogo Fungorum, but most English writers have employed the other. Morchella bispora Sor. Two-.Sl'OEED MoUKL. PUte S. Figs. 8 to 10. The Two-spored morel is very similar to the Half free morel in external appearance. It is distinguishal)le by its cap which is free from the stem almost or quite to tho top. The stem of the European plant has been described as stuffed, but in our plants it BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTAKIST. 137 is hollow, though possibly in very young plants it may be stuffed. The remarkable and very distinctive character which gives name to the species, can only be seen by the aid of a microscope. In this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sack and these are much larger than the spores of the other species. They are two or three times longer and sometimes slightly curved. The spores of the other species are eight in an ascus and are very much alike in size ana shape, and do not furnish decided specific cliaracters ; but in this species their importance can not be over- looked. Their length is about .0024 inch, while in the others it is .0008 to .001 inch. This is probaljly our rarest species. I am not aware that it has been found in but one locality in our State. A few years ago Mr. H. A. Warne detected it growing among fallen leaves in a ravine near Oneida. I have not tested its edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if opportunity should be afforded. Some writers speak highly of the edible quality of the morels, others are less enthusiastic over them. My own limited experi- ence leads to the conclusion that, as a rule, they are not very highly flavored, though much better than some species classed as edible. One correspondent says, " I do not think much of morels. If cooked like mushrooms they become tough." And here, per- haps, is one cause of dissatisfaction with them. They may be spoiled by bad cooking. Some mushrooms are made more tough by too severe cooking. It is better to let such kinds simmer slowly over a gentle fire. One receipt for cooking morels says, cut clean morels in halves, place in a stew pan with butter and set over a fire. AVhen the butter is melted add a little lemon juice, salt and pepper. Then cook slowly for an hour, adding from time to time small quantities of beef gravy. Cooke speaks of morels in general as about the safest and most delicious of edible fungi, and Cordier rei)resents the Common morel as a delicate food and one that is in general demand in France. There is one thing in favor of morels. They are gen- erally free from insects, and on this account their natural flavor is unimpaired, and there is no loss from infested specimens. Their flesh is rather brittle or fragile and more dry than that of some mushrooms, in consequence of which they are easily dried for future use. 128 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Gyromitra Fr. The genus Gyromitra differs from Morchella in the character of its cap. The surface of this is not pitted as in the morels, but it is nevertheless very uneven, some parts being prominent as if inflated, others depressed. These convexities and depres- sions are so irregular and lobed that they suggest a faint resem- blance to the convolutions of the brain. In other respects, and especially in the spore characters, the relationship to the morels is clear. Three species, Gyromitra esculenta, G. cuttipes and G. sjihivrospura belong to our State, but the first one only is common and known to be edible. Gyromitra escuxenta Fr. Edible Helvella. Escolext Gyromitra. Plate 6. Figs. 1 to 3. Pileus rounded, lobed, irregular, gyrose-convolute, glabrous, bay red; stem stout, stulfed or hollow, whitish, often irregular; spores elliptical, binucleate, yellowish, .ooos to .onOO inch long. The Edible helvella, formerly known as Helvella esculenta, is easily recognized by its chestnut red irregularly rounded and lobed cap with its brain-like convolutions. The margin of the cap is attached to the stem in two or three places. When cut through it is found to be hollow, whitish within and uneven, with a few prominent irregular ribs or ridges. The stem is whitish, slightly scurfy, and, when mature, hollow. In large specimens it sometimes appears as if formed by the union of two or more smaller ones. The plant is two to four inches high and the cap commonly two to three inches broad. Specimens sometimes occur weighing a pound each. It is fond of sandy soil and is found in May and June. It grows cliielly in wet weather or in wet ravines or springy jjlaces in the vicinity of pine groves or pine trees. Cordier says that this species has an agreeable taste and is highly esteemed. Also that it is sold in the German markets as a true morel. I have repeatedly eaten it without experiencing any evil consequences, but its flavor to me is not that of a first-class mushroom. But it was simply fried in butter and seasoned with salt. Perhaps with more elaborate prejMiration or with the addition of a little lemon juice or vinegar its flavor might be improved. BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 129 Care should be taken by those eating it to use it with moder- ation and not to cook very old or long-kept specimens. Sickness has been known to result from eating freely of specimens that had been kept twenty-four hours before being cooked. When old and beginning to dry, the cap is apt to assume a darker or brown color. Often the lower or unexposed surface of the cap is paler than that which is more exposed to wind and sun. Helvella L. In the genus ITelvella the cap is neither pitted nor convolutely lobed, but it is, nevertheless, quite irregular and variously rellexed, revolute or contorted so that in no two individuals, even of the same species, does it appear exactly alike. The stem in some species is stout and conspicuously marked by longitudinal grooves or furrows and their intervening ribs or ridges. In some species these furrows are continuous, in others, some of them are interrupted or short. In one or two species the stems are slender and even. All the species are rather small and scarce. They grow chieily in woods and do not appear as early in the season as the morels and the Edible helvella. Though all are deemed edible I have not found them in sufficient cpiantity to verify their edible qualities and will describe onlv one of them. Helvella crispa Fr. White Helvella. Plate 5. Figs. 4 to 7. Pileus deflexed, lobed or variously contorted, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly swollen at the base, deeply and interruptedly grooved, white or whitish; spores elliptical, .()UU7 to .Oouy inch long. The White helvella is distinguished from all other helvellas by its vhite or whitish color and by its peculiar stem, which is strongly ribbed and deeply grooved, the grooves or furrows being interrupted and varying much in length. A transverse section of the stem shows that it contains several longitudinal cavities or hollows. The cap is scarcely alike in an}' two individuals. Often it is lobed or contorted in such a way as to form two or more projecting points. The plant is two to four inches high and the stem from one- fourth to one-half an inch thick. It grows in woods in August and September, but is not often plentiful. 17 130 EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Most French authors say that it is excellent when young, and Cooke says that when fresh it has a pleasant nutty flavor and is an excellent substitute for morels. Badham also affirms that all helvellas are esculent and have a general resemblance, in flavor, to morels. I do not know of any deleterious fungus that could reasonably be mistaken for this or any other helvella. Mitrula Fr. The genus Mitrula has been made by Saccardo in Sylloge Fun- gorum to include species having a club-shaped cap. In conse- quence of this enlargement of the generic character we find Geo- glossum vitdlinum Bres. and a variety of it, or a closely allied species, Oeoylossum irreyulare Peck, placed with the mitrulas. This pretty little fungus might easily be referred to the genus Clavaria, but for the fact that its spores are contained in asci or sacks. Nor is it sharply separated from the genus Geoylossum except by its spore characters. The New York plant differs from the European in its more compressed and irregular cap, and in consequence it has been kept distinct as a variety, in Sylloge, and stands as Mitrula vitellina Sacc. var. irregularis Feck. Ibbeoular Mitbula. Plate 5. Figs. 8 to 14. Pileus clavate, often irregular or compressed and somewhat lobed, obtuse, glabrous, yellow, tapering below into the short, rather distinct, yellowish or whitish stem ; spores narrowly ellip- tical, .()0();3 to .00U4 inch long. When the Irregular mitrula is well grown and symmetrical it closely resembles the typical European plant, but usually the clubs or caps are curved, twisted, compressed or lobed in such a wa}' that it is diflicult to find two plants just alike. The plants are usually only one or two inches high, so that they would scarcely be thought of any importance as an edible species. But sometimes it grows in considerable profusion in wet moss\' places in woods, so that it would not be ditlicult to gather a pmt of them in a short time. Its beautiful bright yellow color makes it a very attractive oliject. It is our largest species of Mitrula and occurs in autumn. BKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 131 It was first reported as an edible species in the Forty-second Eeport. Its flesh is tender and its flavor delicate and agreeable. This plant was first described in 1879 in the Thirty-second Report, under the name GeogUmum irregulare. In 1882 Bresa- dola published his Geoglossum vitellinum, from which our plant differs so slightly that it has been considered a mere variety ; and in consequence of the irregularity in the publication of the Thirty-second Report, no extra copies having been ordered, the later name has been given precedence. Hymenomycetese. MUSHEOOMS, BOLEII AND FaIEY ClUBS. The mushrooms hereafter to be described belong to the very large class of fungi known to botanists by the name Hymeno- mycete», a word composed of two parts, signifying membrane fungi, and in its present use indicating that in theae fungi the spores are produced on thin or membranous parts or sur- faces. In the Common mushroom and in all others of similar structure, these spore-bearing membranes or surfaces are found on the lower or under side of the cap. They are commonly called gills, and have already been described. The spores are produced on both surfaces of the gills, and when mature they drop through the interspaces between the gills and fall to the earth below or are wafted awa^-^ by currents of air. All fungi having a cap with gills beneath belong to the family Agaricinea?. In the Edible boletus and other fungi of similar structure the lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or pores, previously described. The spores are developed on the inner surface of these pores, and when mature they are dropped or ejected into the open air below. All fungi having a cap with pores beneath constitute a family called Polyporeae. In the Spreading hydnum or Hedgehog mushroom the lower surface of the cap is furnished with closely-placed depending spine like teeth. All fungi of similar structure are included in a family named Hydneie, from the genus Ilydnum, the principal genus in it. In one species the cap is replaced by spreading branches with teeth on their lower surface. Spreading or thinly- expanded plants with no stems which belong to this and the pre- ceding family are not noticed, since there are no edible species among them. 132 BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST In the Cornucopia mushroom the cap has neither gills, pores nor teeth on its lower surface, which is even or sliglitly and obscurely wrinkled. It, therefore, belongs to a fourth family which takes the name Thelephorese. There is still another family with a few edible species in it. It is named Olavarieai, from its principal genus Clavaria. In this genus the edible species occur. It is composed of two kinds of plants. In one kind there is a simple upright club-shaped stem- like growth with no well-marked cap or exjjanded part. In the other there is a brandling bush-like growth. In both these the spores are produced on the exterior surface of tne plants or of their branches. A synoptical view of the live families is given in the annexed table. Cap present 1 Cap wanting Clavarierc. 1 Cap with radiating gills beneath AgaricineiE. 1 Cap with pores beneath Polj-poreiB. 1 Cap with spine-like or awl-shaped teeth beneath Hj'dnea;. 1 Cap with neither gills, pores nor teelh beneath Thelephorese. Agaricinese. Agaeics. The family Agaricineie probabl}' includes more edible species than any other. Its members are sometimes called "agarics." More than 500 species of this family have been credited to our State flora. For the sake of convenience in the identitication of such a great abundance of material, botanists have divided the family into smaller groups or sect;ons depending on the color of the spores. We can do no better than to fullow this arrangement in the study of the species. It is not a difficult matter to ascertain the color of the spores of an agaric. Gen- erally they have nearly or (juite the same color as the mature gills, but to this there are so many exceptions that t<> be exact we must see the spores themselves. Singly they are invisible to the naked eye, but when collected in a mass their color is plainly to be seen. If the cap of a mushroom is cut from its stem and placed in its natural position, gills downward, on any Hat surface, say a piece of white paper as broad as itself, it will in a few BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 133 hours drop enough spores on the paper to show their color, on removing the cap. If the spores are white, and we may infer that they are if the mature gills are white, white paper will not be so good for disclosing their color, as paper of some dark color. Black paper is sometimes used when it is suspected that the spores are white. Or the cap may be placed on a piece of glass and then the glass may be placed over a white or a colored background, according to circumstances. Fresh, sound, fully-developed specimens should be selected to furnish the spores. If the cap is thin it is well to invert a goblet or similar vessel over it to prevent it from drying and to exclude currents of air. Having ascertained the color of the spores the subjoined table will show in which section the species belongs. Spores brown, purplish-brown or black Melanosporte. Spores ochraceous, brownish -ochraceous or rusty-ochra- ceous Ocbrosporoe. Spores rosy or pinkish Rliodosporte. Spores white, whitish or pale yellow Leucosporoe. Melanosporae. By some botanists the brown and purplish-brown-sporod spe- cies are grouped in one section, and the black-spored species in another ; but both are united in one section in Sylloge Fungorum and this is sufficiently simple for our purpose. Our edible spe- cies ot this section are included in two genera, Agaricus and Coprinus. Agaricus L. The genus Agaricus originally included nearly all the species that now compose the family Agaricinea^, but it has been divided and subdivided until now it includes only such brown spored species as have free gills and a stem with a collar. There are several edible species in the genus, and, so far as I know, it contains no dangerous species. The edible species are closely related to each other, and in all here noticed the gills have a pink color in young or middle age, but become dark- brown or blackish-brown in mature age. There is no simpler way of expressing the distinctive specific features than by an analytical table. The species may be arranged in two groups, 134 HEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. depending on their place of growth. This arrangement is not as exact and satisfactory as is desirable, but it brings together those species that are most closely related to each other. Plants growing in pastures, grassy or open places 1 Plants growing in woods or groves 4 1 Stem stuffed or solid 8 1 Stem hollow 3 2 Gills at first pink, about as broad as the thickness of the cap A. campester. 2 Gills at first white, breadth less than the thickness of the cap A. Rodmani. 3 Collar radiately divided on its lower surface . . A. arvensis. 3 Collar floccose on its lower surface A. subrufescens. 4 Flesh quickly changing to dull red where wounded A. hemorrhoidarius. 4 Flesh not changing to dull-red where wounded 6 5 Cap with numerous persistent brown scales ... A. placomyces. 5 Cap without scales or with few evanescent ones. A. silvaticus. Agaricus campester Z.* Common Mdshroom. Edible Mushroom. Plate 6. Pileus silky or squaraulose ; lamelhv at first a delicate pink, becoming brown or blackish-brown with age ; stem stuffed, glab- rous, white or whitish ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 inch long. The Common mushroom, sometimes called the Edible mush- room, as if it was the only edible species known, and also Meadow mushroom in common with A. arvensis, is perhaps more generally used and better known than any other. It is the one commonly cultivated and the one most often seen on the tables of ihc ricii and of fashionable restaurants and public houses. It is so eagerly sought in some of our cities that it is dillicult tro find the wild ones near these towns, for they are gathered almost as soon as they appear, and the cultivated ones usually bring prices beyond tne reach of the poor. • Thin na-ut- Ih usually written Agaricm campi'strit, but Id Sylloge FuDKOrum the more olaulcal and grammatical term here adopted Ik used. BEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 135 In very young plants the cap is hemispherical or almost globose and the gills are concealed. Such plants of this and of the closely related Horse mushroom have received the name "button mushrooms," and are preserved in brine or other liquid and sold in the leading grocery stores. As the cap expands the veil separates from the margin revealing the delicate-tinted pinkish gills. When mature the cap is very broadly convex or nearly flat. It is generally a little silky with close-pressed fibrils, but these often vanish with age and the cap appears quite smooth. Its margin, especially in the younger plants, extends a little beyond the exterior extremity of the gills. The color of the cap is commonly white, but with age it may become a little tinged with dingy hues. The flesh is white, but sometimes exhibits a tendency to become slightly tinged with red when cut and exposed to the air. Its taste is mild and iileasant. The epidermis is separable from the cap. The gills are closely placed, rounded at the inner extremity and not attached to the stem. The beautiful pink hue of their early state gradually becomes darker and tinally changes to a smoky brown, Avhich, in dried specimens, becomes almost or quite black. This peculiarity in the coloration of the gills is so unlike anything known in the dangerous species that it seems surpris- ing that'any such should ever be mistaken for this mushroom. A whole group of pink-spored species, some of which are suspected of being hurtful, have pinkish-colored gills, but they never assume dark-brown or blackish hues. The stem is generally shorter than the horizontal diameter of the cap and about equal in thickness from top to base. The cen- tral portion is a little softer in texture than the external part. A collar encircles it in the upper part. Sometimes this is so thin and slight that scarcely any vestige of it remains in old plants. The spores are sometimes described as purplish-brown but I have never been able to see any decided purple tint in them. They are not as dark as seal-brown but approach it. This mushroom, like many other plants that have been long and extensively cultivated, has developed into several forms which exhibit quite well-marked distinctive features. One of these, called the Garden mushroom, Variety hortensis, is repre- sented by figures 8 and 9. It is often found in cultivation and 186 HEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. sold in the markets, but is rarely found growing in the fields. Its cap is of a brownish color and frequently adorned with darker spots or scales. Variety griseus has a grayish shining silky cap. I have not yet found it in New York, but it grows in Virginia. It occurs in France and is figured by liichon and Roz6. Variety alha has the cap and stem white. It is our most common form. Cap two to tour inches broad, stem one and a half to three inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick. The Common mushroom grows in grassy places, in pastures, manured ground and mushroom beds, never in thick woods. It occurs mostly in August and September. In cultivation in a suitable place it may be had in midwinter. Owing to the attacks of insects it is better to raise mushrooms in winter than in sum- mer, unless the insects can be effectually excluded from the beds and the apartments and the temperature properly regulated. The wild ones are thought by some to have a better flavor than the cultivated ones, but the latter are good enough for any one and sometimes command surprisingly high prices. Mushrooms of all kinds are more eagerly sought and more extensively used in Europe than in this country, but with the great influx of Europeans into this country, bringing with them a taste for this kind of food, and with the rapid increase in population making an increased demand for all kinds of food, it is probable that the demand for and the use of mushrooms will soon be as great here as in Europe. The chief difficulty in the matter is the lack of a sufTicient general knowledge of the species or of the means of acquiring the knowledge necessar}' to make it safe to use them. In the wild state the Common mushroom usually grows in gr()ui)s or a single one in a place, l)ut when cultivated they often form large tufts. A kind of out-door cultivation is sometimes employed in order to increase the abundance of mushrooms. Neglected places in fence corners, pastures or roadsides are dug up and manure incorporated in the soil if it is not already very rich. Mushroom spawn, after having been soaked in warm water or kept moist in a warm place for several hours to start it into growth, is then planted in the prepared places and a coat of fine manure spread over the surface. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 137 It is well to mulch the surface with some coarse material like leaves, straw or hay, to keep the soil moist. If the planting is done in spring and the season is favorable a crop of mushrooms should appear in autumn. Almost every cook claims to know how to prepare this mush- room for the table, and recipes for cooking it will be found in cook books. No extended directions therefore are necessary here. One of the simplest methods and one which is applicable to all tender species is to fry gently in butter, seasoning accord- ing to taste. They may be stewed in milk or cream, broiled on a gridiron or in a steak broiler, or baked in an oven. To some they are very acceptable when eaten raw. Doctor Cooke says that when abroad on a day's excursion, one or two of these raw specimens are an excellent substitute for sandwiches, as they sat- isfy hunger, arc nutritive and digestible, and very pleasant and grateful to the palate. Agaricus Rodmani Peck. Rodman's Musheoom. Plate 9. Figs. lto6. Pileus rather thick, firm, glabrous, white or whitish, dingy- yellow or reddish-yellow in the center, flesh white, unchangeable ; lamelkc crowded, narrow, at tirst whitish, then pink, finally blackish-brown ; stem short, solid, whitish ; spores broadly ellip- tical, .0002 to .00025 inch long. Rodman's mushroom may easily be mistaken for the common mushroom to which it is closely related. It has been separated from it because of its comparatively thicker firmer flesh, its more narrow gills, which are almost white when very young, and its peculiar collar. This seems to be double, and in the mature plant the two parts separate in such a way as to leave a deep groove or channel between them. In very short-stemmed speci- mens the collar is situated so near the base of the stem that it appears much like the remains of the volva or wrapper in some species of Amanita. The spores are a little shorter and broader in proportion to their length than those of the Common mush- room, so that at first sight they seem to be nearly globose. The cap is two to four inches broad, the stem one to two inches long and one-half an inch or less in thickness. 18 138 EEPOET OF THE 8T\TE BOTANIST, This mushroom was first described and recorded as edible in the Thirty-sixth Report. Subsequently Richon and Rozu pub- lished a species found in France to which the^^ gave the name PsaUiota dm'iuscula, the Firm champignon. They speak of their plant as a suspected species with nothing to recommend it, with an unpleasant flavor and with a flesh so hard as to render it indi- gestible. The figure and description of their species indicate that it is not distinct from Rodman's mushroom. But Mr. Rod- man ate of his plant and found it perfectly harmless. It is, there- fore, classed as edible. I have had no opportunity to test its edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if I could find it in good condition. It grows in grassy ground and even in crevices of unused pavements and paved gutters in cities. It appears from May to July. I have not found it in autumn. It is rare. Agaricus subrufescens Peck. Slightly reddish Mushroom. Plate 7. Pileus at first deeply hemis])herical, becoming convex or broadly expanded, silky fibrilloso and minutely or obscurely squamulose, whitish, grayish or dull reddish-brown, usually smooth and darker on the disk, flesh white, unchangeable ; lamellas at first white or whitish, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown; stem rather long, often somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, at first stuffed, then hollow, white ; the annulus ilocculose or floccose- squamose on the lower surface; mycelium whitish, forming slen- der branching root like strings; spores elliptical, .0UU2i to .00028 inch long. The Slightly reddish mushroom differs especially from the Common mushroom in the peculiar deejily hemispherical shape of the cap of the young plant, in the white or whitish color of the very young gills, in the at length hollow stem, often some- what thickened or i)ulbous at the base, and in the collar, which has the exterior or lower surface covered with little downy flakes or scales. Beside these characters it has others which may aid in supporting its claim to specific distinction. Its mycelium seems strongly disposed to form strings which adhere to the base of the stem like white branching threadlike roots, and the flesh has a flavor like that of almonds. This flavor EEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTANIST. 139 appears to me to be more pronounced in the older plants than in those that are very young. When raised in large quantities in greenhouses it sometimes gives out a perceptible odor of bruised almonds. . ^ c -i tu «. The reddish-brown color is due to the coating of fibrils that cover the cap. These are often collected in minute tufts, which give a slight floccose or scaly appearance to the cap. In the center the epidermis does not separate into fibrils and scales, and in consequence the disk or center of the cap is smoother and more distinctly reddish-brown than the rest. The flesh is white and unchangeable when cut or broken. In this respect it differs decidedly from the Eeddish variety of the Common mushroom, Variety rufescens, though it resembles it in having the very voung gills white. ' The stem is generally rather long and more or less thickened at the base. It is white and usually slightly flocculose below the collar very smooth above it. In the mature plant it is hoUow, but the cavity is very small. One of the distinguishing features of the species is the flocculent or scaly lower surface of the veil or collar It is apparently a double membrane, as in the Field mushroom, but instead of the lower membrane breakmg in a radiate manner as in that species, it breaks into small floccose flakes or scales. By this character and by the color of the very young gills it may be separated from the Garden variety of the Common mushroom, Variety hortensis, which it approaches in the color of the cap. The plant often grows in large clusters of many individuals, one correspondent affirming that as many as forty individuals sometimes occur in one cluster. In size it is similar to the Com- mon mushroom, but under favorable circumstances it seems sometimes to excel it, the cap attaining a diameter of six inches. It has been found but once in a wild state within our limits. Mr. Wm. Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, discovered it growing on his compost heap composed chiefly of decaying Teaves From some of these specimens kindly sent me by the discoverer the original description was derived, but the specimens were not in satisfactory condition to figure. The present illus- trations have been made from specimens kindly furnished by Colonel Wright Eives of Washington, in whose greenhouse an 140 BEPOBT OF THE STATB BOTANIST. enormous volunteer crop developed in soil prepared for forcing cucumbers. The species is apparently more easy of cultivation than the Common mushroom, less subject to the attacks of insects and not so intolerant of unfavorable conditions. It is very pro- ductive, develops sooner after the planting of the spawn and proI)ab]y will keep longer in good condition. Specimens picked in Washington on Monday night, reached Albany in a good state of preservation on the Thursday following, and some of them were eaten for supper on that day, making an interval of three da3's and three nights between the picking and the eating, and proving the possibility of supplying a distant market with this mushroom. Its flesh does not seem to me quite as tender as that of the Common mushroom, and its almond-like flavor may not be as acceptable to some tastes, but it is nevertheless an ex- cellent mushroom and one which may yet supersede the old kind, especially in the hands of private individuals who are often dis- appointed in their efforts to raise mushrooms. Agaricus arvensis Schopf. Field Mushroom. IIokse ISIushroom. Plate 8. Pileus smooth or at first slightly flocculent, white or yellowish ; lamella} at first whitish or very faintly pinlsish, soon dull pink, then blackish-brown ; stem stout, hollow, somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, white, the collar double, the upper part membranous, white, the lower part thicker, subtomentosc. radi- ately split, yellowish ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 inch long. The Field mushroom or Horse mushroom, also called Meadow mushroom, is so much like the Common mushroom that some botanists have suj)posed it to bo a mere variet}'^ of that species. The most notable differences are its larger size, its hollow, some- what bulbous stem, its ])eculiar veil or collar and the paler gills of the very young plant. The cap in dried specimens is a])t to assume a j'ellow color, which does not jiertain to the Common mushroom. The collar appears to be composed of two parts clf)scly applied to each other and making a double membrane, the lower part of which is of a thicker, softer texture-and split in a stellate manner into broad yellowish rays. Tiiis is j)erhaps the most distinctive character of the species, and a more detailed BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 141 description is scarcely necessary. No serious harm could come, so far as utility is concerned, if it should be confused with the Common mushroom. It f^rows in cultivated fields, grassy pastures and waste places. It is occasionally found under trees and even within the borders of thin woods. It has been supposed by some that its spores will not germinate unless they have passed through the alimen- tary canal of some animal. Whether there is any truth or not in such a supposition, it is common enough to find this mushroom growing in places where no trace of the dung of animals can be seen. It appears from July to September. A similar mushroom occurs in open places in woods or along the borders of thin woods. The color of its cap and stem is white as in the Field mushroom. Its cap is perhaps a little thin- ner and more fragile, and its stem is usually longer and has a very abrupt or flattened bulb at its base. Its collar is usually the same as that of the Field mushroom, but plants sometimes occur in which it appears to be a single lacerated membrane. Such plants have been referred to the Wood inhabiting mushroom, Agaricus dlvicola ; but its general aflinities seem to me to con- nect it more clusely with Aijaric.us arvoiuLs, to which I would subjoin it as an abrupt variety. Variety ab/'ujdus, the name hav- ing reference to the character of the bulb. I have eaten of this variety and consider it edible. Dried specimens assume a yel- lowish hue. Opinions differ concerning the esculent qualities of the Field mushroom. According to Berkeley it is inferior to the Common mushroom, and Badham says its flavor and odor are strong, and it is generally shunned by English epicures. On the other hand, Persoon says it is superior to the Common mushroom in smell, taste and digestibility, and it is, therefore, generally i)referred in France. Vittadini also says it is very delicate and easy of diges- tion, but has a stronger odor than the Common mushroom. " Very sapid and very nutritious," " odor feeble, but flavor anise- like and very agreeable," " delicious when young and fresh, but tough when old," are opinions expressed by various writers. One author says it is edible and of exquisite flavor, and both these ex- pressions have been perpetuated in two of the synonyms of the species, Agaricus edulis Kromh. and Agaricus exqidsUus Vitt. 142 KKPOET OF TUB 8TATK BOTANIST. Agaricus placomyces Peck. Flat oai" ]\Io8heoom. Plate 9. Figa. 7 to IS. Pileus thin, at first convex, becoming flat with age, whitish, brown in the center and elsewhere adorned with minute brown scales ; lamellie close, white, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown ; stem smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, bulbous, white or whitish, the bulb often stained with yellow ; si)ores elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. The Flat cap mushroom is a rare but a beautiful species. Its cap is convex or somewhat bell-shaped when young, but when mature it is nearly or quite flat. Its brown center and its nu- merous minute brown scales on a whitish background give it a very ornamental appearance. It becomes darker with age. Its gills, which in the very young plant are white or nearly so, pass through the usual shades of i)ink and brown with advanc- ing age. The stem is rather long and swollen into a bulb at the base. It sometimes tapers slightly toward the top near which it bears a thin flabby membranous collar. It may be either stuffed with a pith or hollow. It is white or whitish, but the bulb is some- times stained with yellow. Cap two to four inches broad, stem three to live inches long, one-fourth to nearly one-half an inch thick. It grows in the borders of hemlock woods or under hemlock trees from July to September. It has been eaten by Mr. C. L. Shear, who pronounces it very good. I have not found it in suffi- cient quantity to give it a trial. This mushroom is very closely related to the AVood mushroom or Silvan mushroom, ^yaz-iVM^st?- vatlcus, a species which is also recorded as edible, but which is apparently more rare in our State than even the Flat cap mush- room. This differs from the Silvan mushroom in its paler color, in having the cap more minutely, persistently and regularly scaly, and in its being destitute of a prominent center. In the Silvan mushroom the scales, when present, are few, and they disappear with age. Having had no opportunity to make the drawings of the Bleeding mushroom, .ilyaWciw heinorrhoidarius, &nd of the Silvan EBPOKT OF THE STATE BOTAHIST. "3 mushroom, Agaricus silmticus, and not having tested their edible qualities, they are, for the present, dismissed from further consideration. Coprinus Pers. The genus Coprinus is easily distinguished from all others by the character of the gills of the mature plant. These assume a black color and slowly dissolve into an inky fluid which, in the larger plants at least, falls to the ground in drops. The thin caps of some species also partly or wholly waste away in this manner. Because of the production of this black fluid, which has some- times been used as a poor substitute for ink, these plants have received the name " inky fungi." In a few species the spores are brown, but generally they are black. Some of the plants liter- ally grow up in a night and perish in a day. Many of the species inhabit dung or manure heaps, as the generic name implies. Most of them are so small, thin and perishable that they are not valu- able as food. Even the larger ones have thin caps, and those deemed edible should be gathered when young and cooked promptly if used as food. Three species are here noticed. Cap whitish C- comatus. Cap grayish or grayish-brown C. atramentarius. Cap buflE-yellow or tawny-yellow C . mioaceus. Ooprinus comatus Fr. ShAUUY COPEINUS. Plate 10. Pileus at first oblong or nearly cylindrical, becoming campanu- late or expanded and splitting on the margin, adorned with scat- tered yellowish scales, whitish ; lamelliB crowded, white, then tinged wiih red or pink, finally black and dripping an inky fluid ; stem rather long, hollow, smooth or sligbtly librillose, white or whitish, at first with a slight movable annulus ; spores elliptical, black, .0005 to .0007 in. long. The Shaggy coprinus, or Maned agaric as it is sometimes called, is one of the^largest and finest species of the genus. When young the cap is quite long and jarrow, but with advancing age the margin spreads outward, becomes split in several places and curves upward. The surface is adorned with loose fibrils and with scales or spots which appear to be due to the breaking up 144 BBPOBT OF THE BTATK BOTANIST. of an epidermis which remains entire in a small patch on the very top of the cap. Except the top and the scales the cap is white, but in mature plants it often becomes sordid or blackish toward the thin margin as if it were stained or soaked by the inky fluid formed from the gills. The gills at lirst are closely crowded together and white, but soon pinkisli, reddish or purplish tints appear, which quickly change to black. Sometimes all these hues may be seen at one time in one plant. The stem is white, smooth and hollow. In the young plant it is furnished with a collar which is movable or but slightly ad- herent. It is easily destroyed and has often disappeared at maturity. The cap is one and a half to three inches long before expan- sion. The stem is three to five inches long and one-fourth to one-third of an inch thick. It grows in rich loose earth by road- sides, in pastures, waste places or dumping grounds. It appears in autumn and may sometimes be found (juite late in the season. It is quite fragile and must be handled with care. It is very tender and digestible and scarcely inferior to the Common mush- room in flavor, though some think it is improved in flavor by cooking a mushroom or two with it. It is lit for the table only before the gills have assumed their black color, but even after that it is sometimes used in making catsup. " When young it is very sapid and delicate;" " cooked quickly in butter with pepper and salt, it is excellent;" "edible, tender and delicious ; " " in flavor it much resembles the Common mush- room, to which it is quite equal, if not superior ; it is clearly more digestible and less likely to disagree with persons of delicate con- stitutions," are opinions recorded iu its favor. Coprinus atramentarius i'>. Inky Copkinus. PloteU. Figs. 7 to 11. Pileus at first ovate, becoming expanded, glabrous or with a few obscure, spot-like scales in the center, grayish-brown ; lamelhe crowded, at first whitish and ilocculose on the edge, then black ; stem glabrous, lioUow, white or whitish ; spores elliptical, black, .0003 to .0004 in. long. BBPOET OF THK STATE BOTAUIST. 148 The Inky coprinus is much less attractive in its appearance than the Shaggy coprinus. Its cap is quite smooth except on the disk, which is sometimes spotted with a few obscure scales. The color is grayish or grayish-brown, sometimes with a slight suggestion of lead color. The margin is sometimes ii*regularly notched or lobed. The gills are at first crowded and whitish, but they soon be- come black and moist and gradually dissolve away, forming an inky dripping fluid which is suggestive of the name of the spe- cies, and which may be used as ink. The stem is rather slender, smooth and hollow. It sometimes has a slight vestige of a collar near the base, but it soon disappears. The cap varies from one to three inches or more in diameter, the stem is two to four inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an inch thick. It grows in clusters in rich soil, in gardens, waste places or in woods, and appears in late summer or in autumn. The form growing in woods is generally smaller and more beautiful than that growing in open places. It may be called var. siloestris. The cap sometimes appears as if suffused with a bloom. It deliquesces rapidly and it is, therefore, more available for catsup than for food. If intended for the table it must be cooked as soon as brought to the house. In Europe both this and the pre- ceding species appear in spring as well as in summer and autumn, but I have not seen them early in the season in our State. Coprinus micaceus Fr. Glistening Copbinos. Plate 11. Figs. 1 to 6. Pileus thin, at first ovate, then campanulate or expanded, striate, sometimes glistening with shining particles when young, buff-yellow or tawny-yellow; lamellte crowded, whitish, then tinged with pinkish or purplish-brown, finally black ; stem slender, fragile, hollow, white ; spores elliptical, brown, .00025 to .0003 in. long. The Glistening coprinus is a small but common and beautiful species. Its cap is somewhat bell-shaped and marked with impressed lines or striations from the margin to or beyond the 19 146 HKPOHT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. middle. The center is smooth and often a little more highly- colored than the rest. The glistening particles which are sug- gestive of the name of this little mushroom are not often notice- able, and when present on the young cap they often disappear with age. The margin is frequently notched or lobed and wavy and it is apt to become split as the cap expands. The color varies from a pale whitish buff to tawny-yellow or reddish-ochraceous. It becomes sordid or brownish in old age, especially if wet or water-soaked. The gills, as in the preceding species, are at first crowded and whitish, but they soon change color, becoming pinkish tinted and then brown and black. The stem is slender, fragile, smooth, hollow and white. The brown color of the spores is unusual in this genus. Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to three inches long, rarely thicker than a pipe stem. The Glistening coprinus grows in clusters on the ground or on decaying wood. It occurs from May to November. It appears in wet weather and sometimes seems to anticipate rain, starting to grow two or three days before a rain storm. Several success- ive crops often come up about a single old stump in one season. When a cluster appears to grow from the ground it is quite prob- able that it really starts from some decaying root or other piece of wood buried in the earth. It is not uncommon to find it grow- ing from places in the margin of the sidewalks of our cities where shade trees have been cut down, the decaying stump and roots furnishing the necessary habitat. In such cases the boys of the street delight in kicking the clusters to pieces and stamping them out of existence, thinking probably that they are abund- antly justified in destroying a vile toadstool which might other- wise be the means of poisoning some one. These tufts are some- times very large and composed of very many plants closely crowded together. Sometimes the caps crack into small areas, the white llesh showing itself in the chinks. European writers do not record the Glistening coprinus among the edible species, perhaps because of its small size. But it com- pensates for its lack of size by its frequency and abundance, and it has the advantage of being easily and frequently procurable. In tenderness and delicacy it does not appear to me to be at all BEPOET OF THB STATE B0TAH18T. 147 inferior to the Shaggy coprinus, and it certainly is harmless, for it has been eaten repeatedly by various persons and always with- out iU results. It was published as edible in the Twenty seventh Eeport. Ochrosporae. Members of this section may be known by the ochraceous hues of their spores. The color may vary somewhat, being ochraceous, rusty-ochraceous or brownish-cchraceous in different species. The recorded edible species occur in three genera, Pholiota, Cortina- rius and Paxillus. No species of the first genus has been proved by me. Cortinarius Fr. Of the genus Cortinarius, eight species have been classed as edible by English writers. Four of these occur in our State, and three of them have been tried. The genus contains many species, and it is almost certain that several others will yet be found to be esculent. The genus is distinguished especially by the nisty- ochraceous color of the spores and by the webby character of the veil. In the young plant fine webby filaments stretch from the margin of the cap to the stem, and in many species these are so numerous that they at first conceal the gills, but they mostly disappear with advancing age and leave little or no trace of a collar on the stem. In some instances a few filaments adhere to the stem and afford a lodgment for the falling spores, in conse- quence of which a rusty-brown stain or iUdefined band of color is seen on the upper part of the stem. In young plants the color of the gills is generally quite unlike that of mature ones. In these the gills become dusted by the spores and assume their color, so that there is great uniformity in the color of the gills of mature plants in all the species. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance in identifying species of Cortinarius to know the color of the gills of the young plant. In all the species they are attached to the stem at their inner extrem- ity, and generally they are emarginate. Most of the species grow in woods or groves or along their borders, and are especially found in late summer and autumn in hilly or mountainous regions. 148 BBPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. The three species here described may be tabulated as follows: Stem not l)ulbou8 1 Stem with a bulbous base C. violaceus. 1 Cap viscid or glutinous when moist C. collinitus. 1 Cap not vigcid, dry and fibrillose C. cinnamomeus. Cortinarius violaceus -?5-. Violet Coetinaeios. Plate U. Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, dry, adorned with numerous persistent hairy tufts or scales, dark violet ; lamella* rather thick, distant, rounded or deeply notched at the inner extremity, colored like the pileus in the young plant, brownish- cinnamon in the mature plant ; stem solid, fibrillose, bulbous, colored like the pileus ; spores subelliptical, .0005 in. long. The Violet cortinarius is a very beautiful mushroom and one easy of recognition. At first the whole plant is uniformly colored, but with age the gills assume a dingy ochraceous or brownish-cinnamon hue. The cap is generally well formed and regular and is beautifully adorned with little hairy scales or tufts. These are rarely shown in figures of the European plant, but they are quite noticeable in the American plant and should not be overlooked. The flesh is more or less tinged with violet. The gills when young are colored like the cap. They are rather broad, notched at the inner extremity and narrowed toward the margin of the cap. When mature they become dusted with the spores whose color they take. The stem also is colored like the cap. It is swollen into a bulb at the base and sometimes a faint rusty-ochraceous band may be seen near the top. This is due to the falling spores which lodge on the webby filaments of the veil remaining attacheil to the stem. Cap two to four inches broad, stem three to five inches long, about half an inch thick. The Violet cortinarius grows among fallen leaves in the woods of our hilly and mountainous districts, in July and August. I have never found it in the open country. It is solitary or scat- tered in its growth and not very plentiful. Nevertheless it is a very good species to eat, and when botanizing in the extensive EEPOBT OF THE 8TATK BOTANIST 149 forests of the Adirondack region it afforded an excellent and very much relished addition to our bill of fare. It retains some- thing of its color when cooked, and in consequence a dish of Vio- let mushrooms is scarcely as attractive to the eyes as to the palate. Cortinarius collinitus Fr. Smeaeed Coetinarios. Plate 13. Figs. 1 to 6. Pileus convex, obtuse, glabrous, glutinous when moist, shining when dry ; lamelk« rather broad, dingy-white or grayish when young ; stem cylindrical, solid, viscid or glutinous when moist, transversely cracking when dry, whitish or paler than the pileus ; spores subelliptical, .0005 to .0006 in. long. The Smeared cortinarius is much more common than the Vio- let cortinarius and has a much wider range. Both the cap and stem are covered with a viscid substance or gluten which makes it unpleasant to handle. The cap varies in color from yellow to golden or tawny-yellow and when the gluten on it has dried it is very smooth and shining. The flesh is white or whitish. The young gills have a peculiar bluish-white or ding^^-white color which might be called grayish or clay color, but when mature they assume the color of the spores. They are sometimes min- utely uneven on the edge. The stem is straight, solid, cylindrical and usually paler than the cap. When the gluten on it dries it cracks transversely, giv- ing to the stem a peculiar scaly appearance. The cap is one and a half to three inches broad, and the stem two to four inches long and one-fourth to one-half inch thick. The plant grows ia thin woods, copses and partly-cleared lands and may be found from August to September. It is well to peel the caps before cooking, since the gluten causes dirt and rubbish to adhere tenaciouslv to tnem. Cortinarius cinnamomeus Pr, Cinnamon Coetinaeius. Plate 13. Figo. 7 to 30. Pileus thill, convex, obtuse or umbonate, dry, fibrillose at least when young, flesh yellowish ; lamellee thin, close, adnate ; stem slender, equal, stuffed or hollow \ spores elliptical, .0003 in. long. 150 KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST. The Oinnamoa cortinarius is smaller than either of the forego- ing species, but it is more abundant. It is quite variable in size, shape and color. The cap is generally convex at first, but often expands until it is nearly flat. Sometimes it has a central prom- inence or umbo. It is more or less coated, at least when young, with minute silky fibrils, but sometimes becomes smoothish with age. Its color is commonly cinnamon-brown, brownish-och- raceous or tawny-brown. The gills are some shade of yellow when young, except in one variety, but when mature they assume the color of the spores. The stem is rather slender, often Ilex- uous, fibrillose or silky, stuffed or hoUosv when old, and yellowish or colored like the cap, or a little paler. In the Half-red variety, Variety semisanguineus, figures 15 to 20, the young gills have a dark blood-red color This perhaps ought to be considered a distinct species. The cap is usually one to two inches broad, the stem one to three inches long and one-fourth of an inch thick or less. The plant grows in woods or their borders, under trees or in mossy swamps. Like many flowering plants which have a wide range and are not particular as to their habitat, this mushroom is per- plexing because of its variability, but it is believed that the de- scription and figures here given will make it recognizable. The fresh plant often has a slight odor like that of radishes. Paxillus J^. The genus Paxillus is characterized by its gills which are easily and smoothly separable from the cap just as the tubes of a Boletus are, from the cap that supjwrts them. They are reticu- lately connected at the base in the single species here considered. The spores are ochraceous. Paxillus involutus Jm the fragments of the ruptured volva ; spores broadly elliptical, white, .0(i03 to .OOOi inch long. The Fly amanita is our most common poisonous species. It is also very variable in size and in the color of its cap. It is gen- erally a most showy and attractive plant. The cap is adorned with numerous white or yellowish warts, the remains of the upper part of the wrapper. It is more or less striated on its margin, but individuals sometimes occur in which the striations are very inconspicuous or even wholly wanting. The color is bright-red, scarlet or orange in the young plant, but this nearly always fades to yellow on the margin in the mature plant. In one variety the cap is wholly yellow, and in another it is white. The fading process often goes on until the orange and yellow hues are replaced by whitish ones. The warts of the cap are sometimes washed off by heavy rains, so that it is possible to find specimens of this species without warts. The llesh is white, but except in white forms it is yellowish just under the epider- mis. The gills are white, or in some cases slightl}^ tinged with yellow. The same remark applies to the stem. This is furnished with a collar and terminates in a bulb at the base. This bulb is not broad and abrupt above as in the Poison amanita, but is gradually narrowed into the stem so that it has a somewhat ovate form. It, as well as the base of the stem, is more or less scaly from the adhering fragments of the wrapper, the remains of which do not adhere in an entire membranous sheath as in the Orange amanita and Sheathed amanita. As in other species, the stem may l)e either stuffed or hollow. Cap three to eight inches broad ; stem four to six inches long ; one-half an inch or more in thickness. It grows both in woods and in open places and pastures. It occurs from June till the freezing weather of October or November. . Very diverse statements concerning the properties of this fungus have been recorded. While some have attributed to it edible qualities, others have asserted that it is a most active poison and has caused numerous accidents by being confused with the Orange amanita. It is said to have caused death even when eaten in small quantities, and again it is said to have been eaten in abundance without any evil result. According to Quelet, 214 KEPOET OF THE 8TA.TB BOTANIST it acts as a cathartic if eaten in small quantity, but causes death if eaten freely. One of my own correspondents assures mo that he has eaten of the yellow variety, Y&T.formosa, Fig. 6, without evil results, and that he regards it as very good. But there is no disputing the fact that the species possesses intoxicating and poisonous properties. It has long had the reputation of possessing properties fatal to flies that sip its juice. This suggests the names muscaria. Fly amanita, Fly agaric and Fly killer by which it is known. I have myself seen the cap ol a single specimen surrounded h\ a circle of lifeless flies that had sipped the viscid juice from its moist surface and fallen victimc to its virulent properties before leaving the place of their fatal repast. Some have attempted an explanation of the contradictory statements concerning this plant by supposing that its poiconou: properties are not always developed, that in some localities or under some favorable circumstances it is harmless. This explana- tion violates our sense of the constancy of Nature, and is not at all satisfactory. In the case of my own correspondent, the caps were peeled before cooking. ]\Iay it not be that much of the noxious quality resides in the epidermis and the viscid sub- stance upon it, and that by discarding this the dish is rendered less dangerous? In some instances may it not be true that it was eaten in too limited quantity to produce evil consequences ? In some cases it is said that those who eat it freely and without harm boil it a long time in water and throw away the water. In this way, doubtless, much of the poison is abstracted. Long soaking in salt and water, also in vinegar, have been recom- mended as a means of rendering suspected or noxious species harmless, and may have been practiced in some of the cases in which this fungus has been eaten with impunity.* Whatever may be the explanation of the contradictory statements, the only safe way is to consider this species as deleterious and avoid its use under all circumstances. There is no need of taking any risks with suspected species, since there are so many good ones against which no charjje of evil has ever been established. • Since thl8 was written another correspondent writes that he has eaten as many as four caps of thn yellowUh form of this species at one meal and wllhout any evil consequences, and thai the caps were mt peeled. Thli makes pertinent the (I'lestion, Is this variety, Indeed, a distinct and harmless species? It scarcely teems possihie that the different experiences are explainable by reason of indlTlduai Idiosyncrasy, or by variation in the properUes of the planL BEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 215 It is said that some ol ihe people of northern Asia make an intoxicating liquor of this fungus by steeping it in water. Forms of this species occasionally occur which are wholly white or whitish. They are referable to Variety alba. Amanita Frosiiana, Frost's amanita, is found in more dense woods. It might easily be taken for a very small form of the Fly amanita. Its cap is only one or two inches broad, its gills and stem are of ten yellow, its collar is slight and of ten evanescent and the base of the stem is not scaly, the bulb being slightly margined by the remains of the wrapper. Amanita verna Bull. Veknal Amanita. Plate 41. FIgB. 4to7. Pilcus glabrous, even on the margin, white, viscid when moist; lamellai white ; stem annulate, white, floccose, stuffed or hollow, closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranous volva, bulbous ; spores globose, .0003 inch broad. The Vernal amanita scarcely differs from white forms of the Poison amanita except in the more persistent and more closely sheathing remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. It is probably only a variety of that species, as most mycologists now regard it, and it should be considered quite'as dangerous. I have not found it earlier than in July, although in Europe it is said to appear in spring, as its name implies. Amanita phalloides IV. Poison Amanita. Plates 40 and 41. Figs. 1 to 3. Pileus glabrous, even on the margin, white, greenish or brown; lamella? white ; stem annulate, abruptly bulbous at the base, the bulb slightly and loosely margined above by the remains of the volva ; spores globose, white, .0003 in. broad. The Poison amanita is very variable in the color of the cap, and yet is so definite in its structural characters that only the most careless observer would be likely to confuse it with any other species. There is, however, a sort of deceptive character about it. It is very neat and attractive in its appearance and "looks as if it might be good enough to eat."' This appearance 216 RKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST is fortified by the absence of any decidedly unpleasant odor or taste, but let him who would eat it beware, for probably there is not a more poisonous or dangerous species ia our mycological tiora. To eat it is to invite death. The cap is wholly destitute of warts and of striations on its margin. It varies in color, from white to a dark smoky-brown. In the most common form it is white or a very pale greenish- yellow, as if it was white slightly tinged with yellow or green- ish yellow. I have never seen in it the decidedly green or olive- green colors which it appears often to have in Europe, and which are often indicated in figures of this species. There are two brown forms, one having the cap grayish-brown, as in figures 1 and 2, the other having it a dark smoky-brown, as shown in figures 3 to 5. The forms having a grayish or grayish-brown cap sometimes have the center of the cap darker colored or almost black. In Europe there is a white form with a black cen- ter to the cap. The gills are persistently white. Thej' are rather broad, rounded at the end next the stem and free from it. The stem is white in the white-cap forms, but in those having a dark-brown cap it is usually tinged with brown, but is paler than the cap. The same is true of the collar. These dark-col- ored forms are more frequent in the cool woods of mountainous regions than elsewhere. When j'oung the stem may be stuffed with a cottony pith, but it becomes hollow with age. The bulb at the base of the stem is an important character and should always be taken into consideration in the identification of the species. It is very abrupt, broad and distinct. Its breadth is often greater than its length. It is generally narrowly margined on the upper side by the remains of the wrapper. Sometimes this margin is reduced to a mere acute rim. It is distant from the stem, not closely pressed as in the Vernal amanita, and is frequently split or notched. The cap is three to five inches broad, the stem three to si.v inches long and one-third to one-half an inch thick. The bulb is from one to one and a half inches broad. The Poison amanita grows in woods, groves, open places and bushy pastures, and may ba found from July to October. It is a common fungus. eepoet of the state botanist 217 I suspect that fatal cases of mushroom poisoning are especially attributable to the Vernal amanita and the white forms of the Poison amanita. But such accidents could only occur through ignorance or gross carelessness, for the distinction between these and the common mushroom is plain and unmistakable. It may be exhibited as follows: Poison amanita. Gills persistently white; stem equal to or longer than the diameter of the cap, with a hroad distinct bulb at the base. Common mushroom. Gills pink, becoming blacHsh-broion ; stem shorter than the diameter of the cap, with no bulb at the base. From all forms of the edible Sheathed amanitopsis, the Poison amanita differs in its distinctly bulbous stem, in having a collar on the stem and in the absence of striations on the margin of the cap. From the edible Reddish amanita, it is easily separated by the entire absence of any reddish hues or stains and of warts from its cap. From the Smooth lepiota its distinct, abrupt and margined bulb at once distinguishes it. Boletus felleus Bull. BiTTEE Boletus. Plate 43. Pileus fleshy, convex above, glabrous or nearly so, grayish- brown, buff brown, reddish-brown or tawny, flesh white, taste bitter ; tubes long, convex in the mass in mature plants, at first whitish, becoming pale flesh color; stem equal or ta))ering upwards, usually reticulated at the toj) only, rarely wholly reticulated, commonly a little paler than the pileus; spores oblong-fusiform, pinkish, .0005 to .0007 inch long. The Bitter boletus takes its name from the bitter flavor which its flesh persistently maintains. It is a common species, and one easily recognized by its reticulated stem and flesh-colored tubes taken in connection with its bitter taste. The cap is rather thick, dry and smooth, but quite variable in color. This is generally some shade of brown tinged with red or yellow. The flesh is white, but when cut or broken and exposed to the air it sometimes assumes a pinkish tint. 23 218 KEPOBT OF THE STATB BOTANIST The mass of tubes is generally somewhat convex in the mature plant, though it may be plane in the young plant. This also sometimes assumes a pinkish stain where bruised. The stem varies greatly in length and thickness, and is some- times crooked and deformed. It is usually reticulated at the top only. Cap one and a half to four inches broad ; stem one to four inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick. The Bitter boletus occurs in woods and in open places. A favorite place of growth is in a soil largely composed of decayed wood and other vegetable matter. It is frequently found growing about much-decayed stumps and prostrate trunks of hemlock trees. It may be found from July to September. The taste of the tiesh in this Boletus, as well as in many species of Lactarius and Russula, is an important aid in the specific iden- tification. In tasting fungi for this purpose care should betaken to select only fresh, sound specimens, and the part tasted should not be swallowed. LIST OF PLATES AND SPECIES. Plate A Diagrammatic 1 representation of parts of mushrooms Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch. Giant Puff-ball fFigs. 8 J L'gs- 1 Figs. 8 to LFige. 11 to 1 to 3 4 to 7 10 13 *lFig8. Ito 4 5to 9 Figs. 1 to 8 Figs. Figs. 4 to 7 8 to 14 L. cyathiforme Bosc. Morchella esculenta Pert. M. deliciosa Fr. M. bispora Sor. M. seinilibera DC. M. conica Pers. M. angusiiceps Peck. Gyromitra esculenta Ff. Helvella crispa Fr. Figs. 1 to 6 Figs. 7 to 12 10 n\l^^ Figs. 1 to e 7 to II 12 13 ■1 16 16 17 18 19 SO 'Figs. 1 to 6 Figs. 7 to 14 Figs. 15 to 20 ; Figs. 1 to 6 Figs. 7 to 11 ' Figs. 12 to 21 Cup-shaped Puff-baU Common Morel Dolicioua Morel Two-spored Morel Half-free Morel Conical Morel Narrow- cap Morel j Esculent Gyromitra j Edible HelveUa White Helvella Mitrula viteUina v. irregularis Irregular Mitrula Peck. Agaricus campester L. A. subrufescens Peck. A- arvensis Schaff. A. Rodmani Peck. A. placomyces Peck. Coprinus comatus Pr C. micaceus Fr. C. atramentarius Fr. Cortinarius violaceus Fr. C. coUinitus Fr. C. cinnamonieus Fr. C. cinnamomeus v. semiss guineas Fr. Clitopilus prunulus Scop. C. orceUa Bull. Marasmius oreades Fr. Amanita csesarea Seop, A. rubescens F^. Amanitopsis vaginata Roee. Lepiota procera Scop. L. naucinoides Peck. Armillaria mellea VaM. Common Mushroom Slightly reddish Mush- room ( Field Mushroom ( Horse Mushroom Rodman's Mushroom Flat-cap Mushroom Shaggy Coprinus Glistening Coprinus Inky Coprinus Violet Cortinarius Smeared Cortinarius Cinnamon Cortinarius Half -red Cortinarius Plum Clitopilus Sweet-bread Mushroom Fairy-ring Mushroom Orange Amanita Reddish Amanita Sheathed Amanitopsis ( Parasol Mushroom ( Tall Lepiota Smooth Lepiota Honey-colored Armillaria 220 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Plate ^^ 1 Figs. 22 oo j Figs. ^^JFigs. 1 to 5 Tricholoma transmutans Peck. 6 to 11 T. iiubricatum Fr. T. personatum Pr. 1 to 7 Clitocybe media Peck. 8 to 13 C. nebularis Batxch. 24 25 26 C. infundibuliforrais Selueff. , i^s"- • --y^ '^ Craterellus eornucopioides Per ( Figs. 11 to 13 Uydnum coralloides Scop. Clitocybe laccata Scop. Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. 5 to 9 P. ostreatus Fr. Figs. Figs. ^Figs. 1 to 6 7 to 10 Ito 4 I Figs. 27 ( Figs. 1 to 10 28-^ Figs. 11 to 17 ( Figs. 18 to 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Q, i Figs— 1 to 4 *" j Figs. 5 to 9 38 P. sapidus Kalchb. Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. H. pratensis fY. Paxillus involutus J'V. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. L. voljemus Fr. Russula virescens Fr. CanthareUus cibarius Fr. Figs. Figs. Ito 6 7 to 12 Boletus subluteus Peek. B. luteus L. ( Figs. (Figs. Ito 5 6 to 10 B. granulatus L. B. versipellis F¥. B. scaber Fr. (Figs. ■ Figs. Ito 7 8 to 12 B. castaneus Bull. B. edulis Bull. { Figs. 39 \ Figs. ( Figs. Ito 4 5to 7 8 to 12 40 41 j ^^ Figs. 1 to 3 4to 7 42 43 Polyporus sulphureus Fr. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Hydnutu repandum L. Clavaria flava Schcejf. C. botrytes Pers. C. cristata Pers. Amanita phalloides Fr. A. phalloides Fr. A. verna Bull. A. muscaria L. Boletus telleus null. Changing Tricholoma Imbricated Tricholoma Masked Tricholoma Intermediate Clitocybe Clouded Clitocybe Funnel-form Clitocybe s. Cornucopia Crater, llua C.jral-like Hydnum Laccate Clitocybe Elm Pleurotus ( Oyster Pleurotus j Oyster Mushroom Sapid Pleurotus Vermilion Hygrophorus Meadow Hygrophorus Involute Paxillus Delicious Lactarius ( Orange Lactarius j Orange-brown Lactarius Greenish Russula Chantarelle Smnll yellowish Boletus Yellow-brown Boletus Granulated Boletus Orange-cap Boletus Rough-stemmed Boletus Chestnut Boletus Edible Boletus Sulphury Polyporus Liver Fistulina Spreading Hydnum Pale-yellow Clavaria Red-tipped Chwaria Crested Clavaria Poison Amanita Poison Amanita (Whitish) "Vernal Amanita Fly Amanita Bitter Boletus EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. Fig. 1 An Amanita; c the pUeus or cap; m the striated margin of the cap; g the lamelUe or gills; a the annulu.t, ring or collar; s the stem; V the volva or wrapper; mc Uie mycelium or spawn. Fig. 2 A Boletus; c the cap; 2> the tubes or pores; a the collar; s the stem; mc the mycelium. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 KEPOET OF THB STATE BOTANIST 221 Fig. 3 A Hydnum; c the cap; t tho aculei or teeth; s the stem; mc the myeeliwn. Figs. 4 to 8 Vertical sections of caps and the upper part of their stems showing the relations of gills to stems. Gills free from the stem; stem hollow. Gills adnexed; stem stuffed. Gills adnate; stem solid. Gills emarginate, also adnate and having a decurrent tooth. Gills decurrent. A plant with its cap umbonate, also squamose, and its stem bulbous. A plant with its cap umbilicate, its gills decurrent and its stem equal. A basidium with its four spores. Ad aacus containing eight spores. PLATE 1. LYCOrERDON aiOANTEUY Batsch. Oiant Puff-ball. Fig. 1 An immature plant; about one-half the natural size. " 2 A mature plant with its rind above breaking into fragments, falling away and exposing the dusty mass of spores; about half the natural size. ' ' 3 Two fragments of filaments from the spore mass, magnified about 400 diameters. ' ' 4 Several spores, X 400. PLAIE 2. LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME BOSC. Cup-shaped Puff-ball. Fig. 1 An immature plant. " 2 A full-grown plant with even surface. " 3 A full grown plant with the surface cracked into areas or broad spot-like scales. " 4 A mature plant with the upper part of the rind bre;iking into frag- ments, falling away and exposing the purplish spore mass. ' ' 5 The ragged cup-shaped base of an old plant after the upper part of the rind and the spore mass have been dispersed. ' ' 6 Vertical section through an immature plant. ' ' 7 Two fragments of filaments from the spore mass, X 400. ' ' 8 Seven spores, X 400. PLATE 3. MOBCHELLA ESCULENTA Per*. Ccntimon Morel. Fig. 1 A mature plant. ' ' 2 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 3 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. 222 BEPOBT OP THE BTATB BOTANIST MORCHELLA DELICIOSA J^. Delicious Morel. Figs. 4 and 5 Mature plants, two fonas. ' ' 6 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 7 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. MORCHELLA BI8P0RA SoT, Two-S2}ored Morel. Fig. 8 A mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 10 A spore sack containing two spores, X 400. MOBCHELLA SEMILIBERA DC. Half-free Morel. Fig. 11 A mature plant. ' ' 12 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. '' 13 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. PLATE 4. MORCHELLA CONICA Per8. Conical Morel. Figs. 1 and 2 Mature plants. ' ' 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 4 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEP8 Peek. Narrow-cap Morel. Figs. 5, 6 and 7 Mature plants of various forms. ' ' 8 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant' " 9 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. PLATE 5. Gyromitra esculenta Fr. Esculent Oyromitra. Edible Helvella. Fig. 1 A mature plant. ' ' 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 3 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. Helvella crispa Fr. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 Mature plants of various forms. " 7 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. MiTRCLA VITELUNA Sacc. var. IRREGULARIS J'eck, Irregular Mitrula. Figs. 8 to 13 Mature plants of various forms. " 14 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. BBFOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 9S8 PLATE 6. Aqaricus campester L. Common Mushroom. Fig. 1 A cluster of three young plants, in one of which the veil has just separated from the margin of the cap, thereby revealing the gills. 3 and 3 Plants with their caps partly expanded and their gills yet pink-colored . " 4 A mature plant with its rap fully expanded and its gills blackish-brown. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper pant of the stem of an immature plant. ' ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. "'^ariety HORTEN8I8, Fig. 8 An immature plant. " 9 A mature plant. ■ ' 10 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 7. AOARICDS SUBRCFESCENS Peck. Slightly Reddish Miuhroom. Fig. 1 A young plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the cap, revealing the whitish color of the gUls. " 2 A cluster of four plants, two young, and two older ones with the caps partly expanded und the gills yet of a pinkish hue. " 3 A single plant approaching maturity. " 4 A mature plant whose gills have assumed the blackish-brown color. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a yoimg plant. " 6 Verticalsectionof the cap and upper part of the stem of a middle-aged plant. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 8 Four spores, X 400. ' ' 9 Branching strings of mycelium. PLATE 8. Aqaricus arvensis Schaff. Field Mushroom. Horse Mushroom. Fig. 1 A young plant with the veil just separated from the margin of the cap. " i A plant wiih the cap partly expanded, showing the dingy pinkish hue of the gills. 224 EKPOBT OF THB STATB BOTANIST Fig. 3 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and the gills of a blackish- brown color. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and the upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' S Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. •' 6 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 9. AOARICCS RODMANI Peck. Rodman's Mushroom. g. I A young plant. ' 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the pinkish color of the gills. ' 3 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature plant. ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem.of a mature plant. ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Aqaricus placomyces Peck. Flat-cap Mushroom. Fig. 7 A young plant with the veil just separated from the margin of the cap. " 8 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 9 A mature plant with the cap fully expandea. ' ' 10 Vertical section of the can and upper part of the stem of an immature plant. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, ' ' 13 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 10. CtoPRINUS COMATUS Fr. Shaggy Coprinus. Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Immature plants with the cap beginning to split on the margin and the gills beginning to assume the pinkish and blackish hues. " 4 A mature plant with the margin of the cap much split and recurved and the gills blackened, deliquescing and dripping with an inky fluid. ' ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant approaching maturity. • • 7 Four spores, X 400. BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 225 PLATE 11. COPRINUS MICACEUS Fr. Glistening Coprinus, Fig. 1 A cluster of seven immature plants. " 2 A mature plant showing the blackened gills. " 3 A mature plant with the margin of the cap split and somewhat recurved. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of tho cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, the blackened deliquescing gills dripping with an inky fluid. ' ' 6 Four spores, >: 400. COPIUNUS ATRAMENTAR US Fr. Inky Coijrinus. Fig. 7 A cluster of four plants, one of them young. " 8 A mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. ' ' 10 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the £tem of a mature plant, showing the blackened dripping gills. " 11 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 12. CORTINARICS VIOLACEUS Fr. Violet Cortinarius. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant w ith the cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the color of the gills. " 4 A plant with the cap fully expanded. ' ' 5 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. ' ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 13. Cortinarius colunitus Fr. Smeared Cortinariiis. Fig. 1 A young plant showing the webby veil. ' ' 2 and 3 Immature plants showing the colot of the young gills. " 4 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. " 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. 29 226 KEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST CORTINARIUS CINNAMOMEUS Fr. Cinnamon Cortinarius. Fig. 7 A young plant showing the webby veil. " 8, 9 and 10 Immature plants showing the color of the youn-g gills. " 11 and 12 Mature plants showing the color of the mature gills. " 13 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 14 Four spores, X 400. Variety semisawgdineus Fr. Half-red Cortinarius. Fig. 15 A young plant showing the webby veil. • ' 16 and 17 Immature plants showing the color of the young gills. " 18 A mature plant showing the jolor of the mature gills. " 19 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a matured plant. ' ' 20 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 14. Clitopilus prxjnulus Scop. Plum Clitopilus Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Mature plants, one having the margin of the cap wavy or irregular. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Clitopilus orcella Bull. Sweet-bread Mushroom. Fig. 7 A young plant. ' ' 8 and 9 Mature plants. ' ' 10 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 11 Four spores, X 400. Makasmics oreades Fr. Fairy-ring Mushroom. Fig. 12 A plant showing slight striations on tlio margin of the cap. " 12, 13, 14 and 15 Plants showing the usual color whea fr sh and moist. ' ' 16 and 17 Plants showing the usual color after the evaporation of the moisture. ' ' 18, 19 and 20 Vertical sections of the caps and upper part of the stems of three plants of different forms or stages of development ' ' 21 Four spores, X 400. EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 227 PLATE 15. Amanita c^sarea Scop. Orange Avianita. Figs, lands Two young plants just emerged from the wrapper. ' ' 3 and 4 Immature plants with the caps partly expanded. " 5 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and its margin faded to a yellow color. ' ' 6 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem showing the color of the flesh and gills and the cavity in the stem. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 16. Amanita rubescens Fr. Reddish Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with the cap fully expanded and with reddisli stains on the gills indicating places where they have been bruised or wounded. ' ' 4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' 5 A plant from whose cap the warts have disappeared. ' 6 A plant from wliose cap the warts have mostly disappeared and on the margin of whit-li are slight slriations. ' 7 Vertical section through the center of a plant. 8 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 17. Amanitopsis vaginata Roze. Sheathed Amanitopsis. Variety fdlva {Slueff.) Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Plants with the cap partly expanded, one having an umbo on the cap and the tawny tint to the wrapper. " 4 A plant with the cap fully expanded and darker colored in the center. Variety livida (Pers.) " 5 A young plant with two fragments of the wrapper adhering to the cap. " 6 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 7 A plant with an umbonate cap fully expanded. ' ' 8 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 9 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 18. Lepiota procera Scop. Parasol Mushroom. Tall Lepiota. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A mature plant. ' 3 A smaller mature plant with unspotted stem. ' ' 4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 5 Four spores, X 400. 228 KKPORT OF THE STATE BOTAMIST PLATE 19. Lepiota naucinoides Peck. Smooth Lejnota. Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Plants with the cap partly expanded. " 4 A plant with the central part of the cap tinged with yellow. " 5 A plant with the cap fully expanded and centrally tinged with a smoky-brown hue. ' ' 6 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 20. Aruillaria mellea Vahl. Honey-colored Armillaria, Fig. 1 A young plant growing on decaying wood. " 2 A cluster of five plants, one of them quite young and having its gills concealed by the veil. " 3 A mature plant with the cap striated on the margin and centrally darker colored . " 4 A mature plant with the cap brown and striated on the margin. ' ' 5 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Variety glabra Gill. Fig. 7 A plant with tho cap glabrous and yellowish. ' ' 8 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of tlie stem of a mature plant. PLA.TE 21. Tricboloma transmutaks Peck. Changing Tricholoma. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded, " 3 A cluster of two young plants and one mature plant, the latter show- ing the gills spotted with reddish-brown. ' ' 4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 5 Four spores, X 400. Tricholoma imbricatcm Fr. Imbricated Tiichuloma. Fig. 6 A young plant. " 7 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' ' 8 A mature plant showing spots on the gills. ' ' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' 10 Vertical section of the cap and upi)iT part of the stem of a mature plant. " 11 Four spores, X 400. KEPOBI OF THE STATE BOTANIST 229 PLATE 25. Tricholoma. personatum Fr. Masked Tricholoma. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with the cap fully expanded. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Variety bulbosum Peck. Fig. 7 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 8 A plant with the cap fully expanded. PLATE 28. Clitocybe mkdia Peck. Intermediate Clitocybe. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' 3 and 4 Mature plants. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. Clouded Clitocybe. Fig. 8 A young plant. ' ' 9 An immature plant. " 10 A mature plant. ' 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. ' 13 Vertical section of the cap and stem of a mature plant. ' ' 13 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 24. Clitocybe infundibdlipormis Schceff. Funnel-form Clitocybe. Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Mature plants, one showing more fully the upper surface of the cap. " 4 A mature plant with a wavy margin to the cap. ' ' 5 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. 230 EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Cratekellus cornucopioides Pers. Cornucopia Craterellus. Fig. 7 A cluster of three plants of different degrees of development. " 8 A single mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section of a small plant. " 10 Four spores, X 400. Hydnum coralloides Scop. Coral-like Hydnum. Fig. 11 A plant growing from a piece of wood. " 12 A branch with its branchlets and spines. " 13 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 25. Clitocybe laccata Scop. Laccate Clitocybe. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 Plants showing the usual color when fresh and moist. " 4 and 5 Plants showing the paler color of the caps when dry. ' ' 6 and 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stems of two plants of different form. " 8 Four spores, X 400. ' ' 9 and 10 Two plants of a larger form, their caps yet fresh and moist. " 11 A plant from whose cap the moisture has evaporated. " 12 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 13 Four spores, X 400. Variety striatula Peck. Figs. 14, 15 and 16 Three plants whose caps are yet moist and show the marginal striations. " 17 A plant wliose cap is dry and paler. " 18 Four spores, X 400. Variety palltdifolia Peck. Figs. 19 and 20 Plants whose caps are yet moist. " 21 A plant whose cap is dry and paler. ' ' 22 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. Variety ajiethystina Bolt. Figs. 23, 24 and 25 Three plants with their caps yet fresh and moist. " 26 A plant whose cap is dry and paler. ' ' 27 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 26. Pleurotus ulmarics Bull. Elm PleiirotuH. Fig. 1 An immature plant. " 2 A mature plant showing the central coloration and spotting some- times seen on the cap. EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST £31 Fig. 3 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 4, Four spores, X 400. Pleurotus ostreatus Fr. Oyster Pleurohis. Fig. 5 A cluster of plants growing from decaying wood. " 6 A plant showing the upper surface of the cap. " 7 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. ' ' 8 Vertical section of a plant. ' ' 9 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 27. Pleurotus sapidus Kalchb. Sapid Pleurotus. Fig. 1 A cluster of three plants growing from decaying wood, 2 A clu.ster of four plants branching from a common base. 3 A plant of reddish-brown color showing the upper surface of the cap. 4 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. 5 A small pale plant with a lateral stem, the upper surface shown. 6 Vertical section of a plant. 7 Vertical section of a cluster of three plants. 8 Four spores, X 400. 9 Color of the spores aa seen in a mass on white paper. PLATE 28. Hyorophorus miniatus Fr. Vermilion Hygrophorus. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2, 3 and 4 Various forms of mature plants. " 5 A cluster of four plants. ' ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a small plant. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a larger plant with a hollow stem. ' ' 8 Four spores, X 400. Variety lctescens Peck Fig. 9 A young plant. " 10 A mature plant, Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. Meadoio Hygrophorus, Fig. 11 A young plant. ' ' 12, 13 and 14 Forms of mature plants. ' ' 15 and 16 Vertical sections of different forms of mature plants. ' ' 17 Four spores, X 400. 232 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Paxillus involutus Fr, Involute Paxillus. Fig. 18 A young plant. ' ' 19 An immature plant showing the involute margin of the cap. " 20 A mature plant showing spots on the stem and gills where they have been bruised. " 21 A plant with an eccentric stem. ' ' 22 Vertical section through the center of a plant. ' ' 23 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 29. Lactarius deliciosus Ft Delicious Lactarius. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with the cap fully expanded und somewhat funnel-shaped, the gills wounded at 3a. ' ' 4 An old plant faded and tinged with green. ' ' 5 Part of a vertical section througli the center of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, showing the orange-colored juice oozing from a wound in the gill at 5a, ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 30. Lactarids volemus Fr. Orange Lactarrus. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant having a small umbo in the center ot the cap. " 3 A plant with :i broadly convex cap. " 4 A plant with the cap somewhat funnel-sliaped. " 5 A large plant with the cap broadly funnel-shaped, and the gills wounded, discolored and dripping the white milk at .^». " 6 A plant with the margin of the cap corrugated or wrinkled on its surface. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a small plant, a drop of the white juice issuing from a wound in the gill at 7a. " 8 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 31. RUSSULA. VIRESrENS Fr. Oreetiish RH.s.iula. Fig. 1 A yoimg plant. 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. 8 and 4 Two plants with the caps sHghtly striate on the margin, one mature and the cap fully expanded. 5 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded, split in two places on the margin and yellowish-green in the center. 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a [>lant whoj(> cap is convex. 7 Vertical aec^tion of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant whose cap is centrally depressed. 8 Four spores, X 400. BBPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 233 PLATE 32. Canthaeellus cibarius Fr. Chantarelle. igs. 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 Plants of various sizes and shapes. 6 A plant with the margin of the cap wavy. 7 A stout plant with the cap somewhat funnel-shaped. 8 Vertical section through the center of a plant. 9 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 33. Boletus subluteus Peck. Small yellowish Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant with the tubes or hymenium yet concealed by the veil. ' ' 2 An immature plant showing the yellow color of the tubes. ' ' 3 and 4 Mature plants showing the ochraceous color of the tubes. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Boletus luteus L. Ydlmri.ih -brown Boletus. Fig. 7 A young plant with the tubes yet concealed by the veil. " 8 A plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the cap. ' ' 9 and 10 Mature plants. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 13 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 84. Boletus orandlatus L. Gramilated Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant. • ' 2 and 3 Mature plants differing in the shape and color of the caps, ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 5 Four spores, X 400. Boletus versipellis Fr. Orange-cap Boletus. Fig. 6 A young plant. " 7 A plant with the dots on the stem of the same color as the cap. " 8 A plant with the dots on the stem of different colors. ' ' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 10 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 35. Boletus scaber Fr. Rough-stem med Boletus. Figs. 1 and 3 "Soung plants with differently colored caps. " 3 A plant with a white cap. " 4 A mature plant having a reddish cap. 30 234 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Fig. 5 An immature plant having an ash-colored cap. " 6 A mature plant with a blackish-brown cap. " 7 A plant with a brown cap. ' ' 8 Vertical section ot the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant. ' ' 9 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 36. Boletus castaneus BhH. Chcstmit Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant showing the whitish tubes. ' ' 2 and 3 Mature plants. " 4 A mature plant with the margin of the cap slightly curved upwards. ' ' 5 Vertical section through the center of a young plant. ' ' 6 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. Boletus edulis Bull. Edible Boletus. Fig. 8 A young plant showing the white tubes. " 9 A mature plant of small size. " 10 A mature plant of medium size. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem oi a mature plant. ' ' 12 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 37. Polypobus sulphureos Fr. Sulj^hury Polyporus. Fig. 1 A cluster of four plants growing from decaying wood. " 2 A single plant showing the upper surface of the cap and the yellow freshly grown margin. ' ' 3 Vertical section of a plant. ' ' 4 Four spores, X 400 . FiSTULINA HEPATICA i'V. Liver FistuUna. Fig. 5 A plant showing the upper surface of the cap. " 6 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. ' ' 7 Lateral view of a plant growing from decayed wood. ' ' 8 Vertical section of a plant showing reddish streaks in the flesh. ' ' 9 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 38. IIydnum repanpum Tj. Spreading Ilydnum. Figs. 1 and 3 Plants whose caps are of a pal« color. " 2 and 4 Plants whose caps are of a reddish color. " D Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the etem of a plant. " 6 Foursporee, X 400. EEPOBT OF THE STATE B0TAHI8T 235 Variety rufescens (Pers.) Fig. 7 A plant whose cap is somewhat wavy on the margin. " 8 A plant whose cap is more regular. " 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant. " 10 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 39. Clavaria PLAVA Schd'ff. Pale-yellow Clavaria. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A full-grown plant. " 3 One of the principal branches with its branchlets. " 4 Four spores, X 400, Clavaria botrytes Pers. Red-tipped Clavaria. Fig. 5 A young plant. " 6 A full-grown plant. " 7 Four spores, X 400. Clavaria cristata Pers Crested Clavaria. Figs. 8 and 9 Plants with few branches. " 10 A plant witli many brandies and a dingy whitish color. " 11 A mature plant in wliich the tips of the branches have assumed a brown color. " 12 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 40. : Amanita phalloidks FY. Poison Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant with the cap slightly exjianded, and of a grayish-brown color. " 3 A mature plant with the grayish-brown cap fully expanded and black- ish-brown in the center. " 3 A very young plant just bursting from its wrapper, two fragments of which still adhere to the cap. " 4 A plant with its blackish-brown cap partly expanded. " 5 A mature plant with its blackish-brown cap fully expanded. " 6 Vertical section through the center of an immature plant. " 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 8 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 41. Amanita phalloidks Fr. Poison Amanita. Fig. 1 A plant with its whitish cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with its whitish cap fully expanded. " 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. 236 BEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Amanita versa Fr. Vernal Amanita. Fig. 4 A younw plant just emerging from its wrapper. " 5 An immature plant with the cap slightly expanded. " 6 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. " 7 Four spores, X •iOO. PLATE 42. Amanita huscaria L. Fly Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant just breaking from its wrapper. " 2 A plant with its red cap partly expanded. " 3 A mature plant with its cap fully expanded and faded to yellow on the striated margin. " 4 Vertical section of a part of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature i)lant. " 5 Four spores, X 400. Variety Formosa FY. Fig. 6 A plant with its yellow cap partly expanded. PLATE 43. Boletus felleus Bull. Bitter Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant. "2 A young i>lant showing the color of the young tubes. " 3 and 4 Mature plants with stems of different shapes. " 5 A mature plant with the stem reticulated to the base. ' ' 6 Vertical section ot the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 7 Four spores, X 400. CORRECTIONS OF PLATES.* PLATE 1. Fig. 3. The exposed inner substance shown in the upper part of the figure is too black; it should be dingy-olivaceous. PLATE 6. Figs. 7, 10. The spores should be brown, not pink. PLATE 8. Fig. 5. The gills should be blackish-brown, as in figure 3. Fig. 6. The spores should be brown, not pink. PLATE 13. Figs. 3, 3. The gills should have no pink tint. Figs. 7 to 13. There should be no stripes on the caps. PLATE 14. Fig. 31. The spores should be white. PLATE 17. Fig. 9. The spores should be white. PLATE 19. Fig. 7. The spores should be white. PLATE 24. Figs. 1, 3, 3, 4. The upper surface of the cap is too pale. Under the name Clitocvbe isfundibuliformjs insert Funnel- FOUM CUTOCYBE. - PLATE 28. Figs. 8, 17. The spores should be white, not pink. PLATE 29. Fig. 4. The upper surface of the cap shoulil have a dull greenish tint. PLATE 30. Fig. 8. The spores should be white. * Tbc failure of the artist to follow thDtaculBta 9i tenuiflora 36 teretiuscula 23 tetanica 63 torta 53 tribuloidea 41 trlcepg S7 trlcbocarpa 89 triBperma 35 Tuckermini 103 umbelldta 75 utrioulata 103 vagiaata 62 varia 77 Tpstlta 86 viresceDB 58 vulpinoidea 29 Willdenovii 49 Cladosporium carpuphilum 15 Clavaria 209 botrytes 211 criatata 211 flavn 210 Clavarleae 209 Clltocybe 17J Inf UDdlbulifc rniia 174 nudia 173 nebularia 172 ClltopUus ' 152 orcella 158 prULUluj 152 Ooniotbecium Rubl 15 CoprinuB 143 atramentariua 144 comatus 143 micaceua 145 Cortlnarius 147 cinnamomeus 149 colllnltua 1 49 rImosuB 12 violaceua 148 Craterellua 190 comucopioldt^a 190 Cucurbltarla Comptonliu 17 Cylindrosporlum Padi 15 Dendrypbium nodulosum 15 INDEX. 241 Diaporthe robugta , • 6 DIecomycetesa 132 Eupatorium perfollatum ]7 Fistulioa hepatica 204 GasteromycetecB 119 Oeo(/lo98itm 131 irregulare 131 vitelliivim 13J Oomphidius nigricans 12 Qyromitra esculenta las Hebelcma Colvlnl 19 Helvella crispa ijg Hesperls matronalis 17 Hydnees 20."^ Hydnum joS coralloides 207 repandum gOfi ru/escens 206 ■cabrlpes 13 HygTophorus lei miniatus igi prat«n8l8 isi Hymenomyceteee 131 inocyba eubtomentosa u Lactarlus igj dellclosus 185 volemus 180 Leplota i , 160 naudnoides 193 procera igi Leucosporre 153 Lycoperdon 119 cyaihlfonne ;2i KiKanteum 121 Lycopcidluo) clavatuoi 19 Marasmlus oreades 192 Melanosporse 133 MItrula vltelllna 130 Morchella 133 angusticeps 125 bispora 1 jj oonloa j2^ Morchella -- (Continued). Vkan. dellclosa 125 esculenta , 184 liybrida ISC semiUbera 126 Muhlenbergla sobollf era 18 Ochrosporee 147 Ovularla deciplena 15 Panlcum caplUare 19 Pazlllus Invdutus 160 Pleurotus 177 ostreatus ISO sapldns 179 ulmartus 177 Polygon\im Douglassll 18 nodosum 19 Polyporeee 194 Polyporus sulphureuB 803 Porla attenuata go Potamogeton heteropbyllus It Radulum molare 18 RhodosporgB 151 Rosa blanda 17 Russula vlreacens igfl Seneclo Robblnsil 18 Septoria centaurelcola 14 Cucurbltacearum 20 DentarlB? so Dlvarloatea 14 SphEcrella rublna u Sphteropsis ulmlcola ]4 Stacbys palustris 18 Thelephorcaj tag Thymus Serpyllum 18 Tolyposporlum bullatum 14 Trlcholoma les imbricatum itg personatam 170 terreum 19 transmutana 1S3 Vermlcularla Hepaticee 18 Scboenoprasi 14 Volverla Peckll n 12 Plate A -i L n lOi IS «8^ 11 ^ ( — K' -mc J r, H Peck.Df.l C FauSEL LlT^ EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 1 % O O 4 o I m J ^ C H Peck. Del C Fausel.Lith LYCOPERDOiM CICANTEUM batsch GIANT PUFF-BALL. (Fioe. I & 2 one-haif natural size ) EDIBLE FUNGL Plate 2 r. H Peck. Del ^ rW^TlR C FAUSE.U LlT" LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME Bosc CUP SHAPED PUFF-BALL EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 3 C.H PrcK.D r Fau Fios. 1 TO 3 MORCHELLA ESCULENTA pers. COMMON MOREL Fiss. 8T0 10 MORCHELLA BISPORA Sor. TWO-SPORCD MOREL Fi6s. 4 TO 7 MORCHELLA DELICIOSA Fh. DELICIOUS MOREL Fios. 11 TO 13 MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA fm. HALF-FREE MOREL EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 4 ■^KM^i y| z*'. v^; 1 / ■ ■'■ / o ^v^y i \i ii C H Peck, Del u ^^ C Fausel.Lith Figs. 1 to 4 MORCHELLA CONICA Pers. CONICAL MOREL Fiaa. Sto9 MORCHELLA ANCUSTICEPS pcck. NARROW-CAP MOREL EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 5 r- cS C H Peck. Del Fioe. 1 TO 3 GYROMITRA ESCULENTA Fr. ESCULENT GYROMITRA. EDIBLE HELVELLA. Figs. 4 TO 7 H E L VELLA CRISPA FR. WHITE HELVELLA Fio8. 8T0 14NIITRULA VITELLINA saccVAR. IRREGULARIS peck IRREGULAR MITBULA EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 6 C H Peck Del C Fausel LiTM ACARICUS CAMPESTER l. COMMON MUSHROOM. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 7 C H.PrcK.DtL C.Fausel.Lith., "Ji ACARICUS SUBRUFESCENS peck SLIGHTLY REDDISH MUSHROOM. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 8 C H Peck, Del C Fausel. Lith ACARICUS ARVENSIS Schaeff HORSE MUSHROOM EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 9 i 5 '« ' - ' '.' K«omi». t II Pt,-i.- Ilr PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS k*lchb SAPID PLEUROTUS. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 28 C,H PtCr.DtL C, Fausel.Lith Fios. 1 TO 10 HYCROPHORUS MIMATUS Fh. VERMILION HYGROPHORUS F.Q8. 18 TO 23 PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS F INVOLUTE PAXILLUS Fio8. 11 TO 17 HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS fr. MEADOW HYGROPHORUS EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 29 C H PecK.DEL C Fausel, LiTf LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS fr DELICIOUS LACTARIUS. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 30 C H Peck, Del C Fausel Lith LACTARIUS VOLEMUS fr. ORANGE LACTARIUS. ORANGE SROWN LACTARIUS EDIBLE FUNGI. .-.t ^ £»—<>--0-X.rt-T'<^, •?2r s **-*• \> . s. - .^^ e — **i« -A C H Peck, Del C Fausel, LiTH RUSSULA VIRESCENS Fr. GREENISH RUSSULA EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 32 C,H Peck, Del C Fausel.Lith CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS fh. CHANTARELLE EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 33 C H Peck, Del C.Faueel.Lith Figs. 1 TO 6 BOLETUS SU BLUTEUS Peck SMALL YELLOWISH BOLETUS Figs. 7 to 12 BOLETUS LUTEUS L. YELLOW-BROWN BOLETUS EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 34 Figs. 1 to 3 BOLETUS CRANULATUS L. GRANULATED BOLETUS Fios. 6 TO 10 BOLETUS VERSIPELLIS Fr. ORANGE-CAP BOLETUS. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 35 C H, Peck. Del C Fausel Lith BOLETUS SCABER fr. ROUGH-STEMMED BOLETUS EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 36 l^'^^^^^^M^ -^.-iiiiiUi^^' 7 12 eck.Del C Fausl Figs. 1 TO 7 BOLETUS CASTAN EUS Bull CHESTNUT BOLETUS Figs. 6 TO 12 BOL ETUS E DU LIS Bull EDIBLE BOLETUS EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 37 ''iElipiTfTr. ""^^^^^m^mmm^ ^^''^^^^mmm o C H Peck. Del C Fausel Lith FiQs. lTo4 POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS fb. SULPHURY POLYPORUS Figs. 5 to 9 FISTULINA HEPATICA Fr. LIVER FISTULINA EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 38 HYDNUM REPANDUM l SPREADING HYDNUM. EDIBLE FUNGI. Plate 39 C FsuSEL.LlTM F1G9. 1 TO 4 CLAVARIA FLAVA schaeff. PALE-YELLOW CLAVARIA Figs, b to 7 CLAVARIA BOTRYTES Pebs. RED-TIPPED CLAVARIA FI08 8 TO 12 CLAVARIA CRISTATA pers. CRESTED CLAVARIA POISONOUS FUNGI. Plate 40 I C H Psm- OfL A r .:a fV C Pause L Li^ AMANITA PHALLOIDES Ff> POISON AMANITA POISONOUS FUNGI. Plate 41 F.Gs. I TO 4 AMANITA PHALLOIDES Fr. (white form> poison amanita FioB. 5 TO 7 AMANITA VERNA Bull VERNAL AMANITA POISONOUS FUNGI. Plate 42 AMANITA MUSCARIA L. FLY AMANITA UNWHOLESOME FUNGI. Plate 43 BOLETUS FELLEUS bull BITTER BOLETUS 7/ f ^